DEVELOPMENT OF SMARTPHONE WASTE MANAGEMENT PLATFORM USING DESIGN THINKING APPROACH TO SUPPORT IMPLEMENTATION OF EXTENDED PRODUCER RESPONSIBILITY (EPR) IN INDONESIA'S SMARTPHONE INDUSTRY
Main Article Content
Farid Akbar Harahap
Rina Djunita Pasaribu
Indonesia generated approximately 1.9 million tons of electronic waste (e-waste) in 2021, growing at an annual rate of 39%. By 2030, e-waste generation is projected to reach 4.4 million tons. A study by the National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas) revealed that only 17.4% of e-waste was recycled in 2021, highlighting the inefficiency of Indonesia's current e-waste management system. Smartphones are the most frequently disposed of e-waste, with an average lifespan of 3.42 years—shorter than most electronic devices. By 2028, over 40 million discarded smartphones are expected to significantly contribute to e-waste. To address this, the Indonesian government introduced a circular economy roadmap through Regulation No. 75 of 2019, mandating Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR). However, its implementation has been suboptimal, hindered by limited collaboration among stakeholders. Effective smartphone waste management requires awareness, clear procedures, secure data handling, and practices that maximize economic value. This study involves key stakeholders—consumers, producers, waste managers, and government representatives—to co-design solutions using a design thinking approach. The research delivers a smartphone waste management prototype, comprising a service blueprint and a high-fidelity platform, to support value exchange and improve EPR implementation in the smartphone industry.
Gates, Earl D. (2013). Introduction to Basic Electricity and Electronics Technology. New York: Cengage Learning.
Indonesia, Kementerian Perindustrian Republik. (2018). Making Indonesia 4.0. Jakarta: Kementerian Perindustrian Republik Indonesia.
Statista. (2024, March 1). Consumer Electronics - Indonesia. https://www.statista.com/outlook/cmo/consumer-electronics/indonesia
Statista. (2024b, March 1). Consumer Electronics - Worldwide. https://www.statista.com/outlook/cmo/consumer-electronics/worldwide
Statista. (2024, April 1). Smartphone penetration rate in Indonesia from 2020 to 2024 with forecasts until 2029. https://www.statista.com/forecasts/321485/smartphone-user-penetration-in-indonesia
Santoso, Sylfannie, T. Yuri M. Zagloel, Romadhani Ardi, dan Amalia Suzianti. (2019). Estimating the Amount of Electronic Waste Generated in Indonesia: Population Balance Model. Jakarta: IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science.
Araújo, M. G., Magrini, A., Mahler, C. F., & Bilitewski, B. (2012). A model for estimation of potential generation of waste electrical and electronic equipment in Brazil. Waste management
Counterpoint. (2024, May 10). vivo Leads Indonesia Smartphone Shipments for First Time in 3 Years. https://www.counterpointresearch.com/insights/indonesia-smartphone-market-q1-2024/
Forti, V., Balde, C. P., Kuehr, R., & Bel, G. (2020). The Global E-waste Monitor 2020: Quantities, flows and the circular economy potential.
Baldé, C. P., Forti, V., Gray, V., Yamamoto, T., & McDonld, R. (2024). The global e-waste monitor. United Nations University (UNU), International Telecommunication Union (ITU), Fondation Carmignac. Bonn/Geneva/Vienna.
Badan Standardisasi Instrumen Kementrian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan. (2023a, January 11). Sampah Elektronik, Badan Standardisasi Instrumen LHK Merintis Penangananny. https://bsilhk.menlhk.go.id/index.php/2023/01/11/sampah-elektronik-badan-standardisasi-instrumen-lhk-merintis-penanganannya/
Populix (2023). Indonesian Mobile Phone Purchase Behavior. Jakarta: Populix.
Gartner, “Gartner forecasts global devices installed base to reach 6.2 billion units in 2021 ,” press release, April 1, 2021.
Lee, P., Calugar-Pop, C., Bucaille, A., & Raviprakash, S. (2021). Making smartphones sustainable: Live long and greener. Deloitte Insights.
Esposito, M., Tse, T., & Soufani, K. (2018). Introducing a circular economy: New thinking with new managerial and policy implications. California Management Review
Isetianti, Denia, Permata Sekar Arum, Karuna Devi Tanuwidjaja, Vania Evan, Adjie Wicaksono, dan Aldy Mardikanto. (2022). THE FUTURE IS CIRCULAR: UNCOVERING CIRCULAR ECONOMY INITIATIVES IN INDONESIA. Jakarta: Ministry of National Development Planning Agency, Bappenas
Safitri, R., & Kusumastuti, R. D. (2020, December). Analysis of intention to recycle used mobile phones: Evidence from Greater Jakarta. In The International Conference on Business and Management Research (ICBMR 2020) (pp. 346-352). Atlantis Press.
Mairizal, A. Q., Sembada, A. Y., Tse, K. M., & Rhamdhani, M. A. (2021). Electronic waste generation, economic values, distribution map, and possible recycling system in Indonesia. Journal of Cleaner Production, 293, 126096.
Zahoor, S., Shah, M. A., & Wahid, A. (2017, April). The green 2020: Impact of smartphones on the environment in present and future. In 2017 International Conference on Communication Technologies (ComTech) (pp. 91-97). IEEE.
Holuszko, M. E., Kumar, A., & Espinosa, D. C. (Eds.). (2022). Electronic waste: recycling and reprocessing for a sustainable future. John Wiley & Sons.
Raharjo, S., & Utomo, A. H. (2021). Comparative study of electronic waste management in developed countries and Indonesia. Andalasian international journal of applied science, engineering and technology, 1(1), 21-32.
Wilyani, I. T., Nugraha, J. K., Aryadi, M. A., & Mariam, N. (2018). E-waste: An underrated hazardous waste in Indonesia. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Waste Management, 3(2), 85-94.
Wen, X., Zhou, X., & Hu, H. (2008, May). The new process in integrated e-waste management in China. In 2008 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
Blackburn, O., Ritala, P., & Keränen, J. (2023). Digital platforms for the circular economy: exploring meta-organizational orchestration mechanisms. Organization & Environment, 36(2), 253-281.
MIT Management Sloan School. (2023, Septemeber 1). Platforms could power the circular economy. https://mitsloan.mit.edu/ideas-made-to-matter/platforms-could-power-circular-economy
Goodship, V., Stevels, A., & Huisman, J. (Eds.). (2019). Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) handbook. Woodhead Publishing.
Gaidajis, G., Angelakoglou, K., & Aktsoglou, D. (2010). E-waste: environmental problems and current management. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review, 3(1), 193-199.
Forti, V., Baldé, K., & Kuehr, R. (2018). E-waste statistics: guidelines on classifications, reporting and indicators
MacArthur, E. (2013). Towards the circular economy. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 2(1), 23-44.
Farmer, A. (2020). Developing the circular economy in the European Union. Circular economy: Global perspective, 389-412.
Ghisellini, P., Cialani, C., & Ulgiati, S. (2016). A review on circular economy: the expected transition to a balanced interplay of environmental and economic systems. Journal of Cleaner production, 114, 11-32.
Parker, G., Van Alstyne, M., & Jiang, X. (2017). Platform ecosystems. Mis Quarterly, 41(1), 255-266.
Hagiu, A., & Wright, J. (2015). Multi-sided platforms. International journal of industrial organization, 43, 162-174.
Wen, W., & Zhu, F. (2019). Threat of platform‐owner entry and complementor responses: Evidence from the mobile app market. Strategic Management Journal, 40(9), 1336-1367.
Adnyana, I Made. (2020). Manajemen Investasi dan Portofolio. Jakarta: Lembaga Penerbitan Universitas Nasional.
Agung, A. A. P., Suardhika, I. N. (2019). Metode Penelitian Bisnis Kuantitatif dan Kualitatif. Badung: CV. Noah Aletheia.
Sugiyono, D. (2013). Metode penelitian pendidikan pendekatan kuantitatif, kualitatif dan R&D.
Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. sage.
Spradley, J. P. (1980). Participant observation. Waveland Press.
Konietzko, J., Bocken, N., & Hultink, E. J. (2019). Online platforms and the circular economy. Innovation for sustainability: Business transformations towards a better world, 435-450.
Ramzan, S., Liu, C., Xu, Y., Munir, H., & Gupta, B. (2021). The adoption of online e-waste collection platform to improve environmental sustainability: An empirical study of Chinese millennials. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 32(2), 193-209.
Nanath, K., & Ajit Kumar, S. (2020). The role of communication medium in increasing e-waste recycling awareness among higher educational institutions. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education.
Sloth, S., & Drescher, N. (2024). Platform Digital in Circular Economy.
Salvador, R., Barros, M. V., Freire, F., Halog, A., Piekarski, C. M., & Antonio, C. (2021). Circular economy strategies on business modelling: Identifying the greatest influences. Journal of Cleaner Production, 299, 126918.
Berg, H., & Wilts, H. (2018). Digital platforms as market places for the circular economy: requirements and challenges.
Balder, J., Mathi, C., Hagedorn, L., & Stark, R. (2023). Digital platform engineering to enable circular-economy core mechanism. Procedia CIRP, 119, 199-204.
Blackburn, R., et al. (2022). Digital Platforms for the Circular Economy: Exploring Meta-Organizational Orchestration Mechanisms. Organization & Environment, 36(2), 258-280.
Donny, Suzianti (2022). Development of User Interface Design for Electronic Waste Collection with a Design thinking Approach.
Machado, F., & Grilo, A. (2020, August). How can design thinking and lean startup improve waste collection systems. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, August.
Baldassarre, B., Calabretta, G., Karpen, I. O., Bocken, N., & Hultink, E. J. (2024). Responsible Design thinking for Sustainable Development: Critical Literature Review, New Conceptual Framework, and Research Agenda. Journal of Business Ethics, 1-22.
Kirchgeorg, M., & Wenzel, H. (2018). A holistic perspective on circular economy: Integrating technology and business model innovation. Journal of Cleaner Production, 171, 18-29.
Geissdoerfer, M., Vladimirova, K., & Evans, S. (2018). Sustainable business model innovation: A review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 198, 401-416.
Bocken, N. M. P., Short, S. W., Rana, P., & Evans, S. (2016). A literature and practice review to develop a sustainable business model framework. Journal of Cleaner Production, 65, 42-56.
Ellen MacArthur Foundation. (2013). Towards the Circular Economy: Economic and Business Rationale for an Accelerated Transition.
Kirchgeorg, M., & Simmonds, D. (2015). The Role of Stakeholders in the Transition to Circular Economy: A Review of the Literature. Business Strategy and the Environment, 24(1), 1-11.
Kahn, A. E., & Meyer, M. (2017). The Role of Stakeholders in the Transition to Circular Economy: A Literature Review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 175, 421-431.
Boons, F., & Lüdeke-Freund, F. (2013). Business Models for Sustainable Innovation: State-of-the-Art and Steps Towards a Research Agenda. Journal of Cleaner Production, 45, 86-95.
Putri, A., & Machfiroh, R. (2019, July). Campaign to Reduce Impact of Electronic Waste (E-Waste) Hazard in Bandung. In 5th Bandung Creative Movement International Conference on Creative Industries 2018 (5th BCM 2018) (pp. 40-47). Atlantis Press.
Permana, A. G., & Raharjo, J. (2023). Integrated Waste Management System with IOT-Based Centralized Control towards a Smart Eco Campus-Telkom University. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 13(2), 322-333.
Hatammimi, J., & Husaini, W. (2023, August). Developing a Digital Campaign for Waste Sorting Using a Design Thinking Approach. In 2023 International Conference on Digital Business and Technology Management (ICONDBTM) (pp. 1-4). IEEE.
Ranta, V., Aarikka-Stenroos, L., & Piber, M. (2018). The Role of Stakeholder Collaboration in Circular Economy: Evidence from an Empirical Study. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 135, 82-93.
Yuliana, E., Putro, U. S., Hermawan, P., & Ghina, A. (2023). Viable System Model as A Framework for Value Co-Creation Service System Analysis of Technology-based Business Incubator. Jurnal Manajemen Indonesia, 23(1), 36-47.
Ghina, A., & Afifah, N. (2021). Value Proposition Design for Custom Clothing Startup Using Design Thinking Approach. Jurnal Manajemen Indonesia, 21(1), 89
