International Journal of Educational Review, Law And Social Sciences (IJERLAS)

CHALLENGES OF GENDER DISCRIMINATION AND PAY INEQUALITY ENCOUNTERED BY WOMEN IN SOUTH AFRICAN WORKPLACES

Phoke Alpha Rakgwata — 2025-05-19

Women experience various challenges that leads to gender inequality. The patriarchal system in various countries subject women to slavery and undue pressure. Globally, women continue to be subject of inequality and are not treated the same way that other genders would. Religion, culture, norms and customs are some of the elements that contribute to the challenges faced by women throughout the world. The patriarchal system believes in subjecting women to have less rights as compared to the male gender. The purpose of this paper was to address the challenges faced by women in their workplaces on daily basis. It further sought to challenge the perception about women incompetence in performance of their duties. Gender equality will achieve its intended purpose when there is diversity and equal treatment of all genders. The study adopted the qualitative research approach to gain better understanding of the phenomenon within the natural setting. The ecological theory was used as a theoretical framework to understand the gender discrimination, inequality and pay gap. The theory was applied to bring foundation and confirm the findings of the study. The study found that South African workplace is vulnerable for gender discrimination, inequality and pay gap. Transformation of the workplace should be prioritized to be inclusive of all genders. It further highlighted the importance of the implementations of the existing policies.

Navigating the Intersection of Vulnerability and Resilience: The Lived Experiences of the Abused Foster Children in South Africa.

Decent Munzhelele — 2025-05-20

Foster care is the temporary placement of a child who needs care and protection. The child is placed in the care of a suitable person who is not the parent or guardian of the child. This study aims to critically explore the nuanced experiences of foster children who have endured abuse, focusing on the intersections between vulnerability and resilience within the South African foster care system. The primary objective of this article is to understand how abuse shapes the psychological, emotional, and social well-being of these children, while also identifying the factors that contribute to their resilience and capacity to overcome adversities. Utilizing a qualitative research approach, the study adopts an exploratory research design, which allows for an in-depth examination of existing literature and secondary data sources relevant to the subject matter. As a comprehensive desktop study, the research synthesizes a range of qualitative data derived from reports, academic articles, governmental and non-governmental documents, and other pertinent resources. Thematic data analysis was employed to systematically identify and interpret recurring themes and patterns in the data, with a particular focus on the vulnerabilities these children face and the adaptive strategies they develop to navigate their challenges. The findings reveal a complex and multifaceted picture of foster children's lives, where the Psychological Trauma and Long-term effects of abuse are compounded including, stigma and Social Exclusion in their foster care system, role of Cultural and Societal Factors in Shaping Resilience and barriers to access support services have been found as the central findings. The findings of this article intend to inform and influence policymakers, the department of social development to provide the conducive environment that is more effective for child protection.

FACTUAL ACTION AS ADMINISTRATIVE DISPUTES (PROHIBITION OF MISLEADING LAWSUIT BETWEEN THE ADMINISTRATIVE DECISION AND THE FACTUAL ACTION)

David Pasaribu — 2025-04-30

This article attempts to comprehend the ideal concept of factual action and analyzes factual action as an object of dispute in the Administrative Court ("Peratun") in relation to the prohibition of misleading the administrative decision ("KTUN") and the factual action. The research method uses normative research with conceptual, statutory, and case approaches. The results show the complexity of factual action related to examine the factual action and also the double-checking system of administrative tort. First, by classifying an object as the factual action or KTUN, and second, by examining factual actions as the administrative tort by government agencies/officials which are clashing/not clashing to the statutory regulations nor general principles of good governance. Furthermore, the misleading lawsuit can occur when the lawsuit disrupes/reverses the definition of each object, both KTUN and factual actions. The cumulation of objects among KTUN with factual actions is possible as long as there are interrelated legal character (innerlijke samenhang) of objects, prioritize the speedy trial, simple, and low-cost principle, and the principle of utility (bring justice closer to the people).

THE MEANING OF TWO VALID MEANS OF EVIDENCE IN DETERMINING A SUSPECTS IN THE PRE-TRIAL PROCESS

Sultan Agung — 2025-05-02

The purpose of this study is to find out whether 2 (two) valid evidence is only based on the quality of the evidence or should the quality of the evidence; and analyze the difference between examining the quality of evidence and examining the subject matter at trial. The method of this research is normative juridical with conceptual, statutory and comparative approaches. The results of the study show that the proof of 2 valid evidence to establish a person as a suspect in the pretrial process does not focus on determining the material truth, but rather on procedural and formalistic aspects. Basing the decision on two pieces of evidence quantitatively can cause big problems for the judge so that in addition to having to pay attention to the amount of evidence, but also having to check the quality of the evidence as the principle of evidence in Perma Number 4 of 2016 emphasizes that the testing of the quality of this evidence must be carried out carefully and carefully, so that the legal process remains fair and does not harm the rights of the suspect.

THE INFLUENCE OF PRODUCTS AND PROMOTIONS ON PURCHASE DECISIONS STUDY CASE IN PT. XYZ

Annisa Audina Purba — 2025-05-20

In the world of marketing, consumer purchasing decisions are greatly influenced by various factors, one of which is the product and promotion offered by the company. Therefore, it is important for companies to understand how these two factors can influence consumer behavior in making purchasing decisions. This study aims to investigate the Influence of Products and Promotions on Yakult Purchasing Decisions Case Study of PT. Yakult Medan Branch This type of research is quantitative. The number of samples in this study was 100 respondents. The data analysis techniques used in this study were research instrument tests (validity and reliability), descriptive statistical tests, classical assumption tests (normality, multicollinearity and heteroscedasticity), and hypothesis tests (multiple linear analysis tests, t-tests, F-tests and coefficients of determination) with the help of SPSS version 26. The results of this study indicate that Products (X1) have a positive and significant effect on Purchasing Decisions (Y), Promotions (X2) have a positive and significant effect on Purchasing Decisions (Y) and Products (X1) and Promotions (X2) have a positive and significant effect simultaneously on Purchasing Decisions (Y) at PT. Yakult Indonesia Persada Medan Branch.

ONRECHTMATIGE OVERHEIDSDAAD: UNLAWFUL ACTS BY THE STATE IN INDONESIAN CONSTITUTIONAL LAW

Rizki Cintia Devi — 2025-04-30

Considering that the government's actions in carrying out its functions by using public and private legal instruments will ultimately intersect with the interests of citizens, a means of legal protection is needed to maintain a balance so that the objectives of the public interest can be achieved without necessarily sacrificing the rights of citizens protected by law. This research is a normative-research that studies legal objectives, values of justice, validity of legal rules, legal concepts, and legal norms. Normative legal research can also be said to be a process for finding legal rules, legal principles, and legal doctrines in order to answer the legal issues at hand. The source materials used in this research are primary legal materials, secondary legal materials and tertiary legal materials. Primary legal material is Indonesian Law. Furthermore, the data collected is analyzed qualitatively. The element of “against the law” in the formulation of administrative disputes referred to in Law Number 30 of 2014 concerning Government Administration is to interfere with the rights of others; second, contrary to the legal obligations of the perpetrator; third, contrary to decency; fourth, contrary to the decency, thoroughness, and careful attitude that a person should have in association with fellow citizens or against other people's objects. If these elements are fulfilled, the party aggrieved by the decision of the State Administrative Officer may file a lawsuit with the State Administrative Court. With the development of the concept of KTUN in Article 87 of Law No. 30/2014, it can be seen that concrete actions are one form of KTUN. Thus, the lawsuit against the existence of real actions which is an onrechtmatige overheidsdaad lawsuit which was previously the absolute competence of the District Court, has changed to the absolute competence of the State Administrative Court.

LEGAL REVIEW ON THE MISUSE OF ASSET DISCLOSURE DATA IN THE TAX AMNESTY PROGRAM IN THE CASE OF MONEY LAUNDERING CRIMINAL OFFENSES

Heru Karyono — 2025-05-20

This study aims to analyze the misuse of data disclosed in the Tax Amnesty Program in the context of money laundering criminal offenses (ML). The Tax Amnesty, regulated by Law No. 11 of 2016, provides taxpayers the opportunity to disclose undeclared assets without the risk of criminal sanctions. However, the emergence of practices misusing this protected data, particularly in money laundering investigations, creates complex legal issues. This research uses a normative juridical approach to examine legislation, the principle of non-self-incrimination, and the role of law enforcement authorities in utilizing amnesty data. The findings of the study show a tension between the legal protection of data disclosed in this program and the authority of law enforcement agencies to investigate and act on potential money laundering. The study concludes that the use of Tax Amnesty data for criminal purposes, particularly in relation to ML offenses, must be done with caution to avoid violating fundamental principles of human rights protection and legal certainty.

THE URGENCY OF FORMULATING LEGAL REMEDIES BY VICTIMS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF INDONESIA AND CHINA

Utami Puspaningsih — 2025-04-30

Criminal legal remedies are regulated in Chapter XII of the Criminal Procedure Code, namely ordinary legal remedies and extraordinary legal remedies. The interests of victims of crime are represented by the Public Prosecutor, but unfortunately if the Public Prosecutor does not file a legal remedy against the verdict, then the victim cannot file a legal remedy and must accept the verdict. The purpose of this paper is to actualize the participation of victims in criminal justice. The method of this study was normative juridical approach with descriptive analytical specification. The stages of the study were literature research and comparison of legal systems with other countries. This research shows that the participation of victims in judicial practices has become a public concern in the international realm so that it is necessary to balance the roles of victims and defendants in the Indonesian legal system, especially in filing criminal law efforts. Therefore, there is a need for material testing to the Constitutional Court related to Article 50 to Article 68 of the Criminal Procedure Code.

The Use Of African Medicines In The Treatment Of Ḓorobo (Gonerrhoea), Among Female Youth

Isreal Siema — 2025-05-20

The aim of this study was to explore the use of African medicines in the treatment of ḓorobo (Gonerrhoea), among female youth. Sexually transmitted infections are a major problem in South Africa. The Department of Health shows that most cases of sexual transmitted disease are reported each year. Currently there is lack of documentation to substantiate assertions regarding indigenous health care methods of the African communities relating to sexually transmitted infections. The objectives of the study were as follows; to explore the use of African indigenous medicine in the treatment of ḓorobo, the study adopted an African Healing Theories. The study used a qualitative research design and was exploratory in nature. Data was generated using semi-structured interviews as data collection instruments and analysed thematically. Purposive sampling was employed to select participants. The study discovered that most of the people uses African indigenous medicine for their daily health care needs in the treatment of ḓorobo in rural society. Moreso, African indigenous medicine is used by many people as primary health care since it is cheap and easily accessible, but it is said that it has some difficulties since it does not conform to the health standards of the country.

LEGAL POLITICS OF THE GENERAL ELECTION SYSTEM IN INDONESIA TO REALIZE DEMOCRATIC GENERAL ELECTIONS

Rizkia Dwi Oktadini — 2025-05-20

The purpose of this study is to find out and analyze the arrangement of the general election system in Indonesia and to find out and develop the general election system in Indonesia in order to realize democracy. The research method used in writing this research is the normative legal research method.The research results explain thatthe general election system which was initially implemented in 1955 until nowIndonesia already has quite complex legal regulations and is felt to have formulated important things that serve as guidelines for implementing elections.And the implementation of democratic principles in general elections in Indonesia in the perspective of legal politics. In the perspective of legal politics, these principles have a strong basis in the Indonesian legal system. The suggestion in this study is that in the future the regulation of the general election system used for the next general election will continue to emphasize the values of the constitution and the 1945 Constitution. And not ignore the values of democracy and sovereignty. The general election system implemented in Indonesia in the future depends on the objectives and priorities of the election itself and also depends on Indonesia's readiness as a democratic country. In determining the general election system in Indonesia in the future, it is important to carefully consider the impacts of the systems used and compare them with the needs and ideals of the Indonesian nation.

Feminine Consciousness in Urdu Literature: A Critical Study of Contemporary Short Stories

بہار احمد — 2025-04-18

This paper explores the concept of feminine consciousness in contemporary Urdu short stories, examining how female writers and some male writers represent the inner world, struggles, and agency of women. The study analyzes selected short stories by writers such as Ismat Chughtai, Khalida Hussain, and Asad Muhammad Khan to understand the evolution of feminine perspectives and their socio-cultural implications.

اردو:
یہ مقالہ اردو کے عصری افسانوں میں نسوانی شعور کے تصور کا جائزہ لیتا ہے، جس میں خواتین مصنفین اور بعض مرد افسانہ نگاروں کی جانب سے عورت کے داخلی احساسات، جدوجہد اور خود اختیاری کی عکاسی کو موضوع بنایا گیا ہے۔ اس مطالعے میں عصمت چغتائی، خالدہ حسین اور اسد محمد خان جیسے مصنفین کے منتخب افسانوں کا تجزیہ کیا گیا ہے تاکہ نسوانی نقطہ نظر کی ترقی اور اس کے سماجی و ثقافتی اثرات کو سمجھا جا سکے۔

LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE ADMISSION OF EXCEPTIO NON ADIMPLETI CONTRACTUS ON A COUNTERCLAIM IN A BREACH OF CONTRACT CASE

Sinar Tamba Tua Pandiangan — 2025-05-02

In Indonesian judicial practice, there is a divergence of opinions among judges regarding the legal consequences/implications of the acceptance of Exceptio non adimpleti contractus on counterclaim. This has prompted the author to research the legal implications of the acceptance of Exceptio non adimpleti contractus on the counterclaim in breach of contract cases. This research utilizes a normative legal research method. If Exceptio non adimpleti contractus is granted, the counter claim may still be considered by the panel of judges to fulfill the principles of simple, swift, and low-cost justice. This approach is considered more efficient and avoids delays also additional costs that would arise if the defendant were required to file a new lawsuit. Moreover, within the framework of progressive legal theory, adjudicating a case while considering the counterclaim, even after Exceptio non adimpleti contractus is granted, can provide real benefits to society by ensuring prompter and more affordable access to justice.

DIGITAL BUSINESS TRANSFORMATION IN MODEST FASHION: A CASE STUDY OF ASH SCARF

Zenitha Kurnia Putri — 2025-05-27

This article investigates the digital transformation journey of Ash Scarf, a local modest fashion brand in Indonesia. Applying qualitative methods, including interviews, field observations, and digital content analysis, the study explores how Ash Scarf adapted to a rapidly shifting digital landscape. Key findings highlight the brand's strategic use of social media, e-commerce platforms, and digital analytics tools to enhance customer engagement and operational agility. Situated within broader theories of digital capability, strategic marketing adaptation, and customer co-creation, the case demonstrates how small enterprises can harness digital tools for survival, expansion, and long-term competitiveness.

THE IMPACT OF WORK STRESS AND WORK MOTIVATION ON JOB SATISFACTION AND ITS IMPLICATIONS ON NURSES' PERFORMANCE

Sisilia Sudargo — 2025-04-30

The quality of healthcare services is one of the key factors in the success of health systems across countries. The professionalism of nurses in hospitals plays a crucial role in the delivery of healthcare services. Hospitals are often high-pressure work environments that require nurses to operate in dynamic and uncertain conditions. In such challenging settings, numerous factors affect nurse performance, one of which is job stress. Job stress refers to a pattern of emotional conditions that arise in response to demands from within or outside the organization. This study aims to analyze the influence of job stress and work motivation on job satisfaction, and their implications for nurse performance. The sampling method used in this study is probability sampling. The total population at Sumber Waras Hospital consists of 241 nurses, including 42 outpatient nurses, 69 inpatient nurses, 22 dialysis nurses, 33 operating room nurses, 55 intensive care nurses, and 20 emergency nurses. Therefore, the sample used in this study comprises 69 inpatient nurses. The results of the study indicate that job stress has a significant effect on job satisfaction, meaning that higher levels of job stress tend to decrease job satisfaction. Work motivation significantly affects job satisfaction, indicating that higher motivation among inpatient nurses increases their job satisfaction. Furthermore, job satisfaction has a significant influence on nurse performance, showing that nurses who are satisfied with their jobs tend to perform better.

Challenges Affecting Conservation Areas With Unsustainable Harvesting Of The Mopane Worms

Mr Takalani Ernest Dzhanngi — 2025-05-20

Challenges affecting conservation areas with unsustainable harvesting of the Mopane worms This study explored the challenges affecting conservation areas with unsustainable harvesting of the Mopane worms. It was observed that conservation areas in South Africa continued to use pesticides and deforestation, which could potentially lead to the extinction of Mopane worms. Pesticides were found to damage the leaves of Mopane trees, adversely affecting the mass production of Mopane worms. As Mopane worms are an indigenous staple crucial for local livelihoods, their decline poses significant concerns for the communities dependent on them. The overharvesting of Mopane worms without adequate ecosystem protection led to environmental unsustainability. This study highlighted the need for conservation areas to adopt alternative pest control methods and avoid deforestation to protect Mopane worm breeding habitats. The study was guided by the Afrocentricity Theory developed by Molefi Kete Asante in 2020, which emphasizes recognizing African values and perspectives. A qualitative research design was employed, utilizing purposive and snowball sampling methods for selecting participants. Semi-structured interviews were conducted, and thematic data analysis was used to interpret the findings. Data saturation was achieved with the 13th participant. The study revealed that sustainable management and harvesting practices are essential for preserving Mopane worms for future generations. Implementing integrated pest management strategies and promoting conservation practices that do not compromise Mopane worm habitats are crucial for ensuring the long-term viability of Mopane worm populations. The study concluded that balancing conservation efforts with local economic needs is vital for the sustainable harvesting of Mopane worms. Effective measures must be taken to mitigate environmental impacts while supporting the livelihoods of the local communities.

LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF REGULATING ARTICLES 38 AND 39 OF LAW NUMBER 1 OF 2023 (CRIMINAL CODE) ON CRIMINAL LIABILITY FOR PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES

Canthika Mira Istiyanthi — 2025-05-20

This research analyzes the juridical implications of Articles 38 and 39 of Law Number 1 of 2023 (Criminal Code) on the construction of criminal liability for persons with disabilities in Indonesia's criminal justice system. Through a juridical-normative approach, the research identifies a paradigmatic transformation from a paternalistic model toward a rights-based approach, albeit with implementation challenges encompassing conceptual ambiguities, procedural limitations, and structural barriers. The findings demonstrate the urgency of reorienting criminal liability construction through developing a "Differential Criminal Responsibility" model that integrates principles of proportionality, individualization, and adaptive support aligned with international standards. Recommendations include legislative harmonization, assessment protocol development, institutional capacity enhancement, and diversification of rehabilitation-based legal consequences to optimize legal protection for persons with disabilities within an inclusive and equitable criminal justice system.

Keywords: Criminal Liability, Persons with Disabilities, Criminal Code 2023

RATIO LEGIS OF THE PROVISION OF SOCIAL WORK CRIMINAL SANCTIONS IN LAW NUMBER 1 OF 2023 CONCERNING THE CRIMINAL CODE

M. Fachryan Arief — 2025-04-30

Social work punishment is one of the non-imprisonment alternative punishment threats accommodated in Article 85 paragraph (8) of Law Number 1 Year 2023 on the New Criminal Code (KUHP). This provision creates changes in the punishment system in Indonesia. The purpose of the criminal sanction of social work is to provide guidance and mentoring in order to become a good and useful person, especially since the punishment is not intended to degrade human dignity. However, efforts to realize this goal must be carried out through a clear and precise mechanism for the implementation of social work punishment, but the New Criminal Code has not clearly established the mechanism or institution responsible for the implementation of social work punishment. On this basis, this study aims to analyze the ratio legis (purpose) of the regulation of social work punishment in the New Criminal Code and recommend the concept of ideal implementation supervision arrangement in the future. This type of research is normative and the results conclude: First, social work punishment is regulated due to the occurrence of over capacity and is considered ineffective as a coaching space. Second, the ideal concept of the implementation of social work punishment to support the purpose of punishment is not only sufficiently carried out by law enforcement officials and/or Correctional Institutions, but the involvement of social institutions and other institutions will provide a more optimal correctional influence.

THE URGENCY OF CRIMINALIZING SURROGATE MOTHER PRACTICES REVIEWED FROM INDONESIAN CRIMINAL LAW

Putri Carera Santi Romauli Simamora — 2025-05-02

The advancement of science goes hand in hand with the development of increasingly varied community needs, requiring the law to continue to be dynamic in order to keep pace with these developments. So that with the advancement of technology and the development of science in the health sector, it is hoped that it can help support the welfare and health of mankind. But in this case, the question arises whether Indonesian law has accommodated technological advances in the health sector, especially in terms of the implementation of surrogate mothers. In Indonesia, the regulation regarding the inability of surrogate mothers is still not explicitly regulated in the law so that it still seems vague, both in terms of its regulation and in terms of its sanctions. Using a normative legal research method, this study analyzes whether according to Indonesian positive law, the practice of surrogate mother can be criminalized.

ASSESSMENT OF CREATIVE ECONOMY PRODUCTS AS INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY THAT CAN BE USED AS COLLATERAL IN BANKING WITH LEGAL CERTAINTY

Amselnius Siregar — 2025-05-26

This research aims to analyze the existence of the regulation in Government Regulation Number 24 of 2022 concerning the implementing regulation of the Creative Economy Law regarding financing based on intellectual property (namely: creative economy products) in Article 12 Paragraph 5. The appraiser in the a quo norm has the duty regarding intellectual property (creative economy products) to obtain financing from banking financial institutions and non-bank financial institutions. With the existence of intellectual property, there are benefits for aspects of community life and the enhancement of national growth. However, the reality that the regulation has not yet functioned ideally results in the development of intellectual property (creative economy products) needing to be followed up. This research is supported by normative (doctrinal) legal research methods with 2 (two) approaches, namely the statutory approach and the conceptual approach, all of which are analyzed prescriptively and analytically. Based on the research results, it is concluded that in a country it is very necessary: first, Government Regulation Number 24 of 2022 concerning the Implementing Regulation of the Creative Economy Law in the provisions of Article 12 paragraph 5 within legal certainty, the assessment of economic products as authorized appraisers has not yet had a standard for intellectual property appraisal because intellectual property is an intangible object that has different values (changing/not fixed) over time. Therefore, there is a need for a new government regulation to complement the existing regulations. This is because intellectual property plays a very significant role in the country's economic income.

INCONSISTENCY IN THE PROVISION OF RESTITUTION FOR VICTIMS OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE CRIMES IN LIGHT OF JUDICIAL DECISIONS IN INDONESIA

David Mangaraja Lumban Batu — 2025-05-02

Indonesia, as a state governed by the rule of law, is committed to protecting human rights through the Criminal Justice System. One of the main challenges is the handling of sexual violence crimes. To this end, Law No. 12 of 2022 on Sexual Violence Crimes (UU TPKS) affirms the right to restitution for victims as part of their recovery. However, implementation in practice shows differences in judicial considerations and attitudes in determining restitution, despite its clear regulation in the law. This study aims to analyze the factors hindering the implementation of restitution for victims of sexual violence crimes, with a focus on cases carrying penalties exceeding four years. This research is expected to provide recommendations to enhance law enforcement compliance in fulfilling the obligation to provide restitution, thereby better protecting victims’ rights.

ENHANCEMENT OF GUIDELINES FOR ADJUDICATING CRIMINAL CASES THROUGH RESTORATIVE JUSTICE IN COURT INSTITUTION

Dedi Putra — 2025-05-20

This research aims to analyze guidelines for adjudicating criminal cases through restorative justice in offenses affecting victims, the categorization of drug offenses suitable for restorative justice adjudication, and verdict forms not yet covered in Supreme Court Regulation Number 1 of 2024 concerning Guidelines for Adjudicating Criminal Cases Based on Restorative Justice. This research employs normative legal analysis through conceptual, legislative, and case methodologies. The analysis concludes that the rule has not established criteria for adjudicating narcotics offenses. The principle of restorative justice pertains not just to crimes with discernible victims but also to victimless acts, such as drug-related crimes. Individuals impacted by substance abuse are entitled to medical and social rehabilitation, which may reinstate their autonomy from narcotics, in alignment with the ideals of restorative justice. The author also suggests including several types of verdicts, such as imposing penalties, mandating restitution to parents, granting exemptions from punishment, absolving individuals of all legal rights, and enforcing compliance with peace accords. The diversity of verdicts assists judges in selecting the appropriate form when administering a sentence to the defendant within the context of restorative justice.

REINFORCING THE JURISDICTION OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE COURT: THE SHIFTING BURDEN OF PROOF MODEL IN OMISSION DISPUTES ON DISASTER MANAGEMENT

Muhamad Fadillah — 2025-04-30

This article aims to analyze and propose the application of the shifting burden of proof model in resolving omission disputes within the Indonesian Administrative Court (PTUN), particularly in the context of disaster management. Omission disputes frequently arise from governmental negligence in fulfilling legal obligations that are clearly stipulated by statutory regulations. The heavy burden of proof imposed on the claimant, combined with the unequal access to administrative documents, poses significant challenges in proving such negligence. This article adopts a normative-qualitative approach, using the case study of Decision No. 10/G/TF/2022/PTUN.PLG to illustrate the practical issues encountered by the public. The proposed model of shifting the burden of proof provides a pathway for the Administrative Court to reinforce its jurisdiction as a guardian of governmental accountability, while also serving as a corrective mechanism against state negligence in the administration of disaster management.

Motherless Youth: Exploring Social, Emotional, and Economic Effects of Motherlessness on Youth in Madombidzha Village.

Ramatswi Talifhani Trevor — 2025-05-20

This study investigates the profound effects of motherless youth in Madombidzha Village, aiming to understand the social, emotional, and economic implications of this phenomenon. The problem of motherlessness is increasingly prevalent, leading to various challenges for young individuals, including increased vulnerability to mental health issues, lower educational attainment, and higher rates of delinquency. This study seeks to highlight these issues and their broader impact on the community. A qualitative research approach was employed, which is crucial for gaining in-depth insights into the lived experiences of youth affected by motherlessness. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews with affected youths, community leaders, and social workers, providing a comprehensive understanding of the issue from multiple perspectives. The findings reveal that motherlessness contributes to a significant decline in self-esteem among youth, fosters a sense of abandonment, and correlates with increased risk-taking behaviors. Additionally, the study underscores the importance of community support systems in mitigating these effects. The significance of this study lies in its potential to inform local policy, enhance community programs, raise awareness about the challenges faced by motherless youth, and contribute to the broader discourse on family dynamics and youth development.

Keywords: Motherlessness, youth, Madombidzha Village, mental health, community support, qualitative research.

THE INFLUENCE OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE AND WORK MOTIVATION ON INNOVATIVE WORK BEHAVIOR OF EMPLOYEES OF THE COMMUNICATION AND INFORMATICS SERVICE OF BINJAI CITY

Aditya Mulia Sembiring — 2025-05-20

The purpose of this study is work motivation in mediating the influence of organizational culture on the innovative work behavior of employees of the Binjai City Communication and Informatics Office. The approach in this study uses an associative approach. The study was conducted at the Binjai City Communication and Informatics Office. The determination of this area was done purposively. The study was conducted from January 2025 to March 2025. The sample in this study was all employees of the Binjai City Communication and Informatics Office, namely 20 people. In this study, hypothesis testing was carried out using the Structural Equation Model (SEM) approach based on Partial Least Square (PLS) or abbreviated as SEM - PLS. The results of the study The relationship between organizational culture and work motivation is positive and significant. The relationship between organizational culture and innovative work behavior is positive and significant. The relationship between work motivation and innovative work behavior is positive but not significant. The mediation relationship between work motivation and organizational culture and innovative work behavior is not significant.

"Kashmiri Women in Politics: Driving Change in Jammu and Kashmir"

Shujaat Yousuf pirzada — 2025-04-29

This paper examines the evolving role of Kashmiri women in the political arena of Jammu and Kashmir, a region historically characterized by conflict and patriarchal norms. Despite socio-political constraints and cultural barriers, women in the region have increasingly begun to assert their presence in electoral politics, grassroots activism, and policymaking. Tracing the journey from early pioneers like Begum Zaffar Ali to contemporary leaders such as Sakina Itoo and Shehla Rashid, the paper highlights the growing visibility and influence of women in shaping the political narrative. It also investigates the current trends, challenges, and prospects for women’s political empowerment, arguing that inclusive governance and gender-sensitive reforms are crucial for sustained democratic development in the region.

Key Factors In The Home Environment Contributing To The Low Pass Rates Of Primary Students In Selected Schools In Marondera District: A Comprehensive Review Using A Decision-Oriented Model

Chrispen Chiome — 2025-05-20

This article uses a decision-oriented model to provide a comprehensive review of the key factors in the home environment of learners contributing to the low pass rates of primary students in selected schools in the Marondera District. The home environment plays a significant role in shaping a child's academic achievement, and various factors contribute to this influence. This review examines the relationship between home environment and academic performance, highlighting the key factors that impact learners' success. The study’s design was embedded mixed-methods research design. The sample comprised of two hundred and sixteen respondents and participants who were randomly and purposively selected. The study’s data collection and generation instruments were the questionnaire, document analysis, interview and observation. Qualitative data was analysed using the traditional thematic content analysis and quantitative data wase analysed using statistical methods. The key findings include parenting styles, education of parents, financial position of parents, resources for education in the home, attitudes of parents towards schooling, socio-economic context environment and parents’ conflict. The research concluded that there were serious impediments in the home environment that has affected learners. The study recommends multifaceted approach that also upgrades the school environment as a way of improving the pass rate of the children in this study. The study also recommends a vast supply of safety nets and equitable distribution thereof. As well as encouraging parents to create a home that is conducive for their children’s access to quality education.

BASIS FOR JUDGES' CONSIDERATIONS IN SENTIMENTING CRIMINAL SENTENCES BELOW THE MINIMUM SPECIFICALLY IN THE CRIMINAL OFFENCE OF INDEMNITY REVIEWED FROM THE PRINCIPLE OF LEGAL CERTAINTY (Study of Decision Number 7/Pid.Sus/2021/PN Sos)

Andi Pambudi Utomo — 2025-04-30

Hakim memainkan peranan penting dalam menegakkan hukum dan keadilan, termasuk ketika menjatuhkan pidana di bawah batas minimum khusus dalam perkara pencabulan terhadap anak. Meskipun langkah ini dimaksudkan untuk mewujudkan keadilan substantif, penerapannya dapat menimbulkan dilema hukum karena berisiko mengurangi kepastian hukum dan menyebabkan ketidakkonsistenan dalam putusan. Oleh karena itu, perlu dilakukan kajian lebih mendalam untuk menemukan titik temu antara keadilan dan kepastian hukum dalam praktik peradilan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji dasar pertimbangan hakim dalam menjatuhkan pidana di bawah batas minimum khusus dalam perkara pencabulan anak dari sudut pandang asas kepastian hukum. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga mengevaluasi dampak hukum dari praktik tersebut terhadap sistem peradilan pidana dan jaminan perlindungan hukum bagi korban. Metodologi yang digunakan adalah pendekatan yuridis normatif, dengan penelaahan terhadap regulasi dan studi kasus. Sumber data meliputi bahan hukum primer (peraturan perundang-undangan), bahan hukum sekunder (literatur akademik), serta bahan hukum tersier (kamus hukum). Analisis dilakukan melalui metode interpretasi ekstensif guna menilai penerapan asas kepastian hukum serta ruang kebebasan hakim dalam menjatuhkan putusan. Temuan penelitian mengungkap bahwa hakim mempertimbangkan faktor hukum maupun non-hukum dalam menjatuhkan pidana di bawah minimum khusus. Walaupun langkah ini bertujuan mengharmoniskan antara keadilan dan kepastian hukum, praktik tersebut tetap berpotensi menimbulkan disparitas putusan dan ketidakpastian hukum. Selain itu, penggunaan Surat Edaran Mahkamah Agung (SEMA) sebagai acuan juga menimbulkan perdebatan terkait supremasi hukum dan konsistensi penerapan pidana minimum khusus.

THE INDONESIAN SUPREME COURT REGULATION: ENABLING OFFENDERS AND VICTIMS TO FULFILL RESTORATIVE JUSTICE AGREEMENTS DURING PROBATION

Alya Dean Putri — 2025-05-02

This study investigates the application of conditional sentencing within the framework of restorative justice as outlined in Indonesian Supreme Court Regulation (PERMA) No. 1 of 2024. This regulation offers a mechanism that enables offenders to fulfill their obligations from restorative agreements during the probation period, promoting both offender accountability and victim restoration. The research analyzes the procedural aspects of restorative justice in criminal cases in Indonesia, particularly focusing on how it is implemented in courts. It highlights the benefits of integrating restorative justice with conditional sentencing, while also identifying challenges and gaps in the legal framework. Additionally, the study calls for further empirical research to evaluate the practical effectiveness of this approach and the legal consequences if offenders fail to fulfill their obligations during the probation period.

RESTITUTION FOR CHILD VICTIMS OF CRIME IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE PRINCIPLES OF PROPORTIONALITY AND THE BEST INTERESTS OF THE CHILD

Ashifa Yona — 2025-05-26

Children, as a vulnerable group, are frequently victims of crimes that may result in serious physical, psychological, and social impacts. One recognized recovery mechanism in Indonesian law is restitution. However, its implementation has not met ideal expectations. Using a socio-legal approach, this study aims to analyze the effectiveness of restitution for child victims, emphasizing the importance of the principles of proportionality and restorative justice. Two case studies reveal inconsistencies for example, a child involved in petty theft was sentenced to prison without adequate rehabilitative measures, while a victim of sexual violence received no restitution despite the perpetrator receiving a severe sentence. These findings reflect the reality that restitution remains a marginalized component of victim recovery, both structurally and normatively. Therefore, reforms in the juvenile criminal justice system are urgently needed, including simplifying procedures, strengthening relevant institutions, and establishing a compensation fund for victims. All these efforts aim to ensure that restitution is proportional, just, and genuinely aligned with the best interests of the child.

Climate Politics and Global Governance: Assessing the Role of International Agreements in Environmental Policy-Making

MIR AADIL BASHIR — 2025-04-29

This research paper explores the intricate interplay between climate politics and global governance, focusing specifically on the role of international agreements in shaping environmental policy-making. As climate change transcends national boundaries, it has become a pivotal issue requiring coordinated global action. The study examines the evolution of major climate agreements, such as the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement, and evaluates their impact on global environmental governance. By analyzing the contributions and limitations of state and non-state actors, global institutions, and multilateral frameworks, the paper highlights both the progress achieved and the persistent challenges in implementing climate commitments. Emphasis is placed on the dynamics between developed and developing nations, issues of climate justice, and the need for equitable, inclusive, and enforceable global mechanisms. The paper concludes by proposing strategic pathways for enhancing international cooperation and effectiveness in climate governance, underscoring the urgency of collective action in the face of escalating environmental threats.

ADMINISTRATIVE COURT JUDGES' EFFORTS TO PROVIDE LEGAL PROTECTION IN ENVIRONMENTAL DISPUTES (Decision Number 59/G/2023/PTUN.JKT)

Muhammad Fathur Rahman — 2025-05-20

The enactment of Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning Management and the Environment has been based on a legal basis and a philosophical basis that has elements of protection for Human Rights. In the provisions of Perma Number 1 of 2023 concerning Guidelines for Adjudicating Environmental Cases, it not only expands the objects of Environmental disputes but also adds a PTUN touchstone in testing the validity of Decisions or Actions taken by Officials/State Administrative Agencies, namely human rights provisions. As the third touchstone, it does not mean that Human Rights Provisions can be set aside in testing environmental disputes. Because environmental disputes are closely related to Human Rights. So that PTUN Judges can classify which Decisions or Actions are classified as violating the Law, AUPB or Human Rights Provisions. This research method is carried out by reviewing literature sources, namely by examining legal principles and norms. This article aims to provide an understanding of Judicial Activism in Environmental cases by the Panel of Judges, which is not impossible based on the Theory of Legal Protection in order to realize the objectives of the law, namely justice, benefit and legal certainty.

POSITION OF ELECTRONIC EVIDENCE IN THE PROCESS OF PROVIDING PROCEDURE IN STATE ADMINISTRATIVE COURT The Position of Electronic Evidence in the Evidentiary Process of State Administrative Court Procedural Law

Komang Alit Antara — 2025-04-30

This study analyzes the position of electronic evidence in the legal evidence process of the State Administrative Court. The development of information technology has had significant implications for the justice system, especially in the recognition and use of electronic evidence. However, there is a gap between the increasingly digitalized practice of government administration and the PTUN procedural law mechanism which still focuses on physical documents. This study uses normative legal analysis conducted with a statutory and conceptual regulatory approach, using data from related laws and legal literature. The results of the study indicate that the unclear regulations in Law Number 5 of 1986 concerning the PTUN, although the ITE Law has recognized electronic evidence, cause legal uncertainty, differences in judge interpretation, and potential manipulation of evidence. Therefore, this study recommends the reconstruction of PTUN procedural law norms to include explicit provisions regarding electronic evidence, the establishment of a digital forensic validation institution, and the regulation of authentication and security of electronic documents. These steps are important to ensure justice, legal certainty, and efficiency in resolving state administrative disputes in the digital era.

Problems That Traditional Health Practitioners And Western Health Practitioners Encounter In Interfacing

Favour Siema — 2025-05-20

The study focused on the Problems that traditional health practitioners and western health practitioners encounter in interfacing .The interfacing of traditional health and western health care system has become increasingly important in recent years, particularly in Africa and other developing region however, the interfacing of traditional health practitioners and western health practitioners is often hindered by various challenges. Thus, the traditional health care system of South Africa, which was the primary health care for the indigenous people is mostly undermined by various religious groups. The youth and the scientific institution demonize the indigenous health care system and its practice as they associate it with witchcraft and other evil practices. Traditional health practitioners and western health practitioners have distinct diagnostic methods, philosophical approaches to health and illness. Western health practitioners focus on biomedical and scientific explanation while traditional health practitioners focus on spiritual and holistical aspects. The researcher observed a growing trend in the twenty-first century towards interfacing Traditional Health Practices (THPs) with Western doctors. It appears that basic health care systems were provided by traditional medical professionals in civilizations prior to the arrival of colonialism. The objective of the study was as follows, to examine problems that traditional health practitioners and western health practitioners encounter in interfacing. The study adopted an employ sociocultural theory. The study used a qualitative research design and was exploratory in nature. Data was generated using semi-structured interviews as data collection instruments.The finding of the shows that western practitioners do not believe that the ancestors do exist, and they undermine the diagnosing methods of traditional practitioner, as they say it is based on speculations due to lack of scientific results.The study recommend that education could make our community conscious of the conventional health care system and work to make youth and scientific groups be able to know and understand the importance of traditional health care system, integration of traditional health and western healthcare system and Funding traditional health care system.

THE INFLUENCE OF INTEGRATED MARKETING COMMUNICATION AND INSTAGRAM SOCIAL MEDIA IN IMPROVING BRAND IMAGE AT KOPI LADANG

Yudha Yustiasa — 2025-05-20

The development of digital technology has encouraged companies to integrate marketing communication strategies through various channels, including social media. This study aims to analyze the effect of integrated marketing communication (IMC) and the use of Instagram social media on improving brand image in the local brand Kopi Ladang. The study used a quantitative approach with a survey technique on 140 respondents who were active followers of the Instagram account @kopiladang.id. IMC variables include advertising, sales promotion, direct marketing, public relations, and digital marketing, while social media variables focused on interaction intensity, content quality, and user engagement. The results of multiple regression analysis show that there is a positive impact between Integrated Marketing Communication on Brand Image in Kopi Ladang, There is a positive impact between Kopi Ladang Instagram Media on Kopi Ladang Brand Image, There is a significant relationship between Integrated Marketing Communication and Instagram Media on Brand Image in Kopi Ladang and There is an Influence between Integrated Marketing Communication on Brand Image through Instagram Social Media, namely between Integrated Marketing Communication and Instagram Social Media has a significant impact on Brand Image in Kopi Ladang. Instagram social media acts as a medium between Integrated Marketing Communications, showing how influential the level of Instagram Social Media among customers can be in increasing Brand Image in achieving a more significant influence.

AI in Curriculum Design: Data-Driven Insights for Optimizing Educational Content Delivery

Zubaida Ahad — 2025-04-18

The advent of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in curriculum design has revolutionized educational paradigms, fostering an era of adaptive, data-driven content delivery. Traditional pedagogical frameworks, often rigid and non-responsive to dynamic learning needs, are being supplanted by AI-driven methodologies that enhance instructional efficacy, personalize learning experiences, and optimize assessment mechanisms. This study critically examines the integration of AI in curriculum development, elucidating its transformative potential in higher education. Through the deployment of machine learning algorithms, predictive analytics, and natural language processing, AI facilitates tailored educational pathways, ensuring alignment with diverse cognitive capabilities and learning trajectories. Empirical analysis underscores a substantial augmentation in student engagement, knowledge retention, and academic performance, attributed to AI-enhanced adaptive learning platforms. Moreover, AI-driven assessment tools, including automated grading systems and intelligent tutoring mechanisms, mitigate biases and streamline evaluation processes, fostering a more objective and equitable academic environment. While AI’s incursion into education heralds unprecedented advancements, it concurrently raises ethical concerns, particularly regarding data privacy, algorithmic bias, and the potential erosion of human pedagogical roles. This paper delineates these challenges while advocating for a balanced synergy between AI innovation and human expertise. As AI continues to recalibrate educational landscapes, its judicious implementation promises to engender a paradigm shift, redefining curriculum design through intelligent automation, real-time analytics, and personalized pedagogy. The findings of this research contribute to the evolving discourse on AI’s role in academia, emphasizing its capacity to refine educational efficacy while maintaining inclusivity and pedagogical integrity.

CONSTRUCTION OF THE APPLICATION OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE CRIMINAL ACT IN UNREGISTERED MARRIAGES

Yudita Trisnanda — 2025-05-02

Unregistered marriages are still a common phenomenon in Indonesia, even though marriage registration plays an important role in providing legal certainty and protection, especially in cases of domestic violence (KDRT). Law Number 23 of 2004 concerning the Elimination of Domestic Violence stipulates that the scope of legal protection is only for husband and wife relationships that are legal according to state law. This raises legal problems if violence occurs in unregistered marriages, because victims, especially women, cannot obtain maximum protection. This study aims to examine the construction of the application of law to the crime of domestic violence in unregistered marriages and its urgency in the Indonesian legal system. The research method used is a normative legal approach with a qualitative analysis of relevant laws and case studies. The results of the study indicate the existence of dualism in law enforcement that creates uncertainty and injustice for victims. Therefore, a comprehensive legal construction is needed so that the Law on the Elimination of Domestic Violence can also be applied to cases of violence in marriages that have not been administratively registered but are religiously legal.

ANALYSIS OF HUMAN RESOURCES COMPETENCY DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY AMONG GEN Z IN FACING THE ERA OF SOCIETY 5.0 THROUGH THE SOAR METHOD CASE STUDY: PT. X

Ruth Meylina Manik — 2025-05-26

The research used in the thesis entitled "Analysis of Human Resource Management Competency Development Strategy among Gen Z in Facing the Society 5.0 Era through the SOAR Method Case Study: PT. X (Persero) Tbk" is a descriptive and exploratory research. The research location was conducted at PT X (Persero), Tbk which is located in Menara Mandiri, Medan City, North Sumatra. The method used to analyze this strategy is the SOAR Method. The research population is all Gen Z employees who work at PT. X (Persero) Tbk Region I/Sumatera 1. Based on data obtained from the Human Capital (HC) department, the number of employees of PT. X Region I/Sumatera 1 who are included in the Gen Z category is 200 people. This population consists of various departments and positions within the company, both those working in regional offices, areas and branches. So the number of respondents who will be used as samples in this study is 133 employees. Based on the results of the data analysis, the following conclusions were obtained: PT's strategy. X (Persero) Tbk in managing HR development is carried out through a holistic, technology-driven approach, oriented towards employee welfare and continuous innovation. This is supported by various programs that have been designed to prepare employees to face digital and social challenges in the future. The main obstacle in developing the competency of Gen Z employees is the lack of time to attend training. Lack of time is the main obstacle because employees are often busy with routine tasks and tight work targets, making it difficult to take the time to attend training programs provided by the company. The strategy that has been implemented by PT. X (Persero) Tbk is good but not yet effective because Gen Z employees cannot attend training programs provided by PT. X (Persero) Tbk due to lack of time to attend training. Generation Z employees have high internal strengths (Strengths), especially in mastery of digital technology, critical thinking skills, and learning motivation. This is reflected in the average score of the Strengths dimension of 4.42. Organizational support in terms of development opportunities (Opportunities) is still classified as moderate with a score of 3.13. This shows the need for increased training, career guidance, and a culture of innovation to support Gen Z growth. Gen Z employees' aspirations for career development and contribution to the company are very high, with an average score on the Aspirations dimension reaching 4.78. This shows their readiness and enthusiasm to play an active role in organizational transformation. Gen Z employees show high confidence in the results of competency development (Results), with the highest score among all dimensions, namely 4.86. This reflects their optimism about the benefits of the training and learning carried out. The most effective competency strategy is Workshop/Seminar. This is evident from the high percentage of respondents who chose this strategy, namely 51.1%. This activity allows employees to acquire the latest knowledge and skills in a short time, as well as providing an opportunity to interact directly with experts or practitioners in a particular field. This is very important in facing the challenges of rapid technological developments in the Society 5.0 era. Workshops/Seminars also support the networking process between employees and professionals, which can improve collaboration and team problem solving, which are important components in the competency development strategy for Gen Z who are very exposed to technological developments. Another effective competency development strategy is Mentoring/Coaching. Direct guidance from superiors or experienced mentors can develop technical and non-technical skills in more depth. More intense interaction between mentors and mentees makes the learning process more personal and relevant to the challenges faced. This is very important in facing the Society 5.0 era, where rapid technological changes require employees who have adaptive and innovative skills. Mentoring/Coaching is an integral part of an effective competency development strategy, especially in preparing Gen Z to pursue a successful career in the world of work.

THE JUSTICE ASPECT OF JUDICIAL CONSIDERATIONS ON THE FULFILLMENT OF VICTIMS’ RIGHTS IN PAST ACTS OF TERRORISM

Rizky Kurnia — 2025-04-30

The Constitutional Court Decision Number 103/PUU-XXI/2023 marks a pivotal turning point in the protection of the rights of victims of terrorism, particularly those affected prior to the enactment of Law Number 5 of 2018, who have not yet received adequate legal protection. This paper analyzes the aspect of justice considered by the Constitutional Court judges in fulfilling the rights of past victims of terrorism as reflected in Decision Number 103/PUU-XXI/2023, as well as the conceptual framework for the realization of such rights within the Indonesian criminal justice system. The findings of this study reveal that the element of justice in the Court's reasoning is embodied in a substantive and humanistic approach, which reinforces the state's responsibility to fulfill the constitutional rights of victims of past terrorism acts as a manifestation of human rights protection and the principle of equality before the law. The ideal concept of fulfilling the rights of victims of past acts of terrorism emphasizes restorative justice through recognition, protection, and recovery, supported by a comprehensive legal framework and equitable, implementable policies.

SENTENCING OF CHILD OFFENDERS UNDER 14 YEARS OLD IN CASES OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE AGAINST CHILDREN BASED ON THE PRINCIPLE OF THE BEST INTERESTS OF THE VICTIM

Geraldo Gracelo Mario Situmeang — 2025-05-02

The imposition of sanctions on child offenders under 14 years old in cases of sexual violence against children presents a legal dilemma between protecting the child offender and upholding the rights of the victim. Law No. 11 of 2012 on the Juvenile Justice System (Law on Juvenile Justice System) stipulates that children under 14 years old may only be subjected to measures, while Law No. 12 of 2022 on Sexual Violence Crimes (Law on Sexual Violence Crimes) emphasizes victim protection and recovery. This article examines the imbalance between these two regulations and analyzes the most appropriate sanctions based on the principle of the best interests of the victim. Using a normative juridical approach and case studies, it is found that while the Law on Juvenile Justice System aims to protect child offenders from the adverse effects of criminal sanctions, in cases of sexual violence against children, this approach risks neglecting victims’ rights. Therefore, a more flexible legal interpretation is needed to ensure that sanctions not only focus on the offender but also consider justice for the victim.

Reviving Gandhian Educational Principles through Local Artisanal Practices: A Case Study of Vocational Learning in Baramulla, Jammu and Kashmir, India

Zubaida Ahad — 2025-05-19

This study explores the integration of Gandhian educational principles within the artisanal practices of Baramulla, a culturally rich district in Jammu and Kashmir, India. Grounded in the Nai Talim philosophy, which emphasizes the synthesis of productive manual labor with intellectual growth, this research investigates 15 diverse artisan-led units, including handloom weavers, potters, blacksmiths, and herbal medicine preparers. These units, deeply embedded in local economies and cultural traditions, serve as organic learning environments where skills are transmitted through observation, repetition, and intergenerational mentorship. Adopting a participatory ethnographic methodology, the study utilized immersive fieldwork, unstructured interviews, and skill mapping to capture the nuanced processes of knowledge transfer and resource utilization. The findings reveal that these artisanal units exemplify Gandhian ideals such as self-reliance, ecological sustainability, and dignity of labor, while simultaneously addressing contemporary challenges like youth unemployment, rural depopulation, and economic marginalization. However, the research also identifies critical barriers, including the lack of formal recognition, inadequate financial support, and disconnect from mainstream educational frameworks, which hinder the full potential of these traditional knowledge systems. In the context of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, which calls for experiential learning and vocational education, this study argues for the systemic integration of such artisanal practices into formal curricula. By doing so, it envisions a transformative educational model that not only preserves cultural heritage but also promotes sustainable development, social equity, and community resilience.

THE PRINCIPLE OF THE BEST INTERESTS OF THE CHILD IN LAW ENFORCEMENT AGAINST CHILDREN WHO COMMIT RAPE

Cindy Shafira — 2025-04-30

Handling rape cases involving children as perpetrators has become a complicated issue within the juvenile justice system in Indonesia. This crime not only causes deep psychological wounds to the victims, who are also still children, but also presents complex legal issues in the law enforcement process against the perpetrators who are legally minors. The principle of "the best interests of the child," as stipulated in” Law Number 11 of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Criminal Justice System (UU SPPA)” and “the Convention on the Rights of the Child”, emphasizes that the approach to children in conflict with the law should focus more on rehabilitation and protection rather than mere punishment. This research aims to deeply explore the underlying considerations of judges in adjudicating cases of rape committed by children, using a case study from the Pasir Pengaraian District Court's verdicts. Through normative legal research methods with a case study approach, it was found that the Judge in adjudicating the case had prioritized the principle of "the best interests of the child." Disparities in court rulings result from the juvenile justice system's uneven practical implementation, notwithstanding its normative orientation toward a restorative justice paradigm that prioritizes rehabilitation. To guarantee a more uniform, equitable, and really child-centered justice system, this study emphasizes the necessity of harmonizing and standardizing the application of the "best interests of the child" principle across the entire legal procedure.

THE ROLE OF JUDGES IN ADJUDICATING DEFAULT CASES CONTAINING ELEMENTS OF ABUSE OF CIRCUMSTANCES IN THE BANKING SECTOR

Wandita Pramesthi — 2025-05-02

In the Indonesian civil law system, the role of judges is crucial in adjudicating cases involving contractual legal relationships, particularly in banking default cases. Injustice often arises from the abuse of circumstances, where debtors who are in a weak position are often victims of adverse bank policies. Additionally, high interest rates and oppressive contractual clauses pose significant challenges for judges. This research shows that disparities exist in court decisions on abuse of circumstances, creating legal uncertainty. Using a normative juridical approach, this research examines the need for clear legal guidelines from the Supreme Court to establish uniformity in the handling of default cases. Stronger regulations are expected to ensure that judges make more judicious decisions and uphold justice for all parties. This research emphasises the importance of applying the principle of fairness in contracts, so that freedom of contract does not neglect the rights of weaker parties.

THE VAGUENESS OF THE NORM OF ENTRAPMENT IN DRUG OFFENSES BY LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS IN THE FUTURE

Annisa Azzahra Burhan — 2025-05-20

Undercover buying and controlled delivery are investigative techniques regulated by Law Number 35 of 2009 concerning Narcotics. This provision does not regulate the limitations for investigators when carrying out this technique. In practice, this technique does not work effectively, resulting in the failure of the investigation. So this study discusses how the application of Undercover buying and controlled delivery current supervision and how the formulation of criminal law policies in dealing with cases of entrapment of narcotics crimes committed by law enforcement officers in the future. This study uses normative research. The research results show that First, there is a need for renewal of covert buying techniques and supervised delivery. This is because there are 3 (three) legal problems in its implementation, namely there are still informants who are involved in narcotics trafficking, closed access to public information regarding covert purchasing techniques and delivery under supervision by the National Narcotics Agency and the potential for fabrication of cases. Therefore, in the future it is necessary to have the right formulation to overcome this by implementing regulations and legal standards for investigating narcotics crimes.