International Journal of Educational Review, Law And Social Sciences (IJERLAS)
International Journal of Educational Review, Law, and Social Sciences (IJERLAS) is a peer-reviewed international journal that is accredited with Sinta 2 based on the Decree of the Director General of Research and Development No. 295/C/C3/KPT/2026 dated January 2, 2026, regarding the Accreditation Ranking of Scientific Journals for the 2nd Period of 2025. The journal is published six times a year and provides an academic platform for researchers, educators, practitioners, and policymakers to share original research and theoretical studies in the fields of education, law, and social sciences. IJERLAS focuses on advancing knowledge and encouraging critical discourse on educational development, legal systems, and social dynamics at both local and global levels.
Training-Induced Adaptations: A Comparative Study of Aerobic Capacity, Muscular Endurance, and Cricket-Specific Performance in Adolescent Athletes
This study investigates training-induced adaptations in aerobic capacity, muscular endurance, and cricket-specific performance among adolescent athletes aged 13–18 years. A randomized controlled trial was conducted with 60 male and female cricketers assigned to three groups: aerobic training (AT), resistance training (RT), or combined training (CT) for 12 weeks. Aerobic capacity was assessed via VO2max testing, muscular endurance through push-up and plank tests, and cricket-specific performance via batting accuracy, bowling speed, and fielding agility drills. Results indicated significant improvements in VO2max (p < 0.01) for the AT group compared to RT, with CT showing moderate gains. Muscular endurance improved significantly in the RT and CT groups (p < 0.05), particularly in upper-body strength. Cricket-specific performance, notably bowling speed and fielding agility, showed the greatest improvement in the CT group (p < 0.01), suggesting synergistic effects of combined training. No significant differences were observed in batting accuracy across groups. These findings highlight the efficacy of tailored training protocols in enhancing physiological and sport-specific outcomes in adolescent cricketers. The results have implications for designing age-appropriate training programs to optimize performance and support talent development in cricket. Further research should explore long-term adaptations and include diverse populations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tanveer Ali, Vikas Saxena https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
RESILIENCE OF CUSTOMARY LAW IN FACING THE ECOLOGICAL CRISIS IN PAYA NIE
This study employs a qualitative socio-legal approach to examine the role of customary law in addressing climate change and ecological challenges in the Paya Nie wetland ecosystem. Customary law is understood not only as written norms but also as living practices embedded in community life. Thus, the ecological crisis in Paya Nie marked by recurrent drought, flooding, and ecosystem degradation cannot be analyzed solely through normative legal perspectives but requires a broader socio-ecological framework. Research data were obtained from two main sources. Secondary data came from academic journals, legal documents, government reports, and research publications, providing the conceptual foundation to situate customary law within environmental governance. Primary data were collected through participatory observation and in-depth interviews with customary leaders, local stakeholders, and surrounding communities to capture social dynamics, communal solidarity, and unwritten customary mechanisms that remain influential in daily practice. Data were analyzed using a descriptive-analytical method. The analysis first mapped ecological problems in Paya Nie, then linked them to customary and formal legal instruments, including qonun gampong. Finally, the findings were interpreted through the lens of socio-ecological resilience theory to reveal how communities adapt, transform, and innovate in response to climate change. The study shows that customary law in Paya Nie functions not only as a set of traditional rules but also as an adaptive mechanism that strengthens community resilience. It plays a critical role in regulating land use, fostering solidarity, and sustaining ecological balance. These findings contribute to the broader discourse on how living customary law can serve as a local strategy for ecological resilience in the face of global environmental change.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fitri Maghfirah, Marlia Sastro, Sela Azkia, Muhammad Yusra , Nanda Setia Saputra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
JUSTICE OR EQUALITY? EXAMINING ARTICLE 97 OF THE KHI IN THE CONTEXT OF POST-DIVORCE PROPERTY DIVISION
This study aims to critically analyze the provisions of Article 97 of the Compilation of Islamic Law (KHI) in the context of the division of joint assets after divorce, emphasizing the need for legal reform that prioritizes the principle of substantive justice. The main issues examined include the extent to which these provisions reflect the principle of substantive justice and how Article 97 of the KHI is implemented in religious court practice. The research method used is normative juridical with a statutory, conceptual, and case-based approach. The results show that Article 97 of the KHI is still oriented towards rigid arithmetic equality and does not consider the actual contributions, both material and immaterial, of each party. In judicial practice, a number of judges have implemented progressive interpretations of this norm, which opens up space for the reformulation of Islamic family law in Indonesia. Therefore, this study recommends normative reform of Article 97 of the KHI to include provisions that explicitly accommodate proportional division of assets, as well as implementing steps in the form of training on a substantive justice perspective for judges.
Copyright (c) 2025 Maya Anggraeni Rahmah Permana, Abdul Rachmad Budiono, Hanif Nur Widhiyanti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SHIFTING SOCIAL CONTROL AND THE DIRECTION OF LAW ENFORCEMENT IN THE VINA CIREBON CASE THROUGH THE CORRECTIVE FUNCTION OF SOCIAL MEDIA TOWARDS LAW IN ACTION
the paradigm of social control from formal institutional mechanisms to informal, social media–based control in the digital era. The research is grounded in the prolonged stagnation of case handling, which exposed a significant gap between Law in the Books and Law in Action, later corrected through massive digital public pressure following the case's viral resurgence. The urgency of this study lies in understanding how social media facilitates the transformation of social control, performs a corrective function toward law enforcement practices, and reshapes public perceptions of the legitimacy and authority of the formal judicial system. This research employs a normative juridical method with a sociology of law perspective, using statutory, case, and conceptual approaches, supported by secondary data analyzed through qualitative descriptive-analytical techniques. The findings demonstrate that social media has emerged as a powerful instrument of informal social control capable of compelling law enforcement institutions to become more responsive and transparent, while simultaneously revealing a growing dependence of law enforcement on virality. Conversely, intense digital public pressure also generates risks, including reactive law enforcement, procedural haste, erosion of due process, and threats to the presumption of innocence. This study concludes that law enforcement in the digital age requires a careful balance between critical public oversight and consistent adherence to formal legal procedures in order to safeguard the rule of law and maintain the legitimacy of the justice system.
Copyright (c) 2025 Achmad Benyamin Daniel, Lia Christine, Catharina Dewi Wulansari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
LEGAL PROTECTION FOR BANKS AGAINST NON-CERTIFIED LAND COLLATERAL
This study examines legal protection for banks in facing bad loans with non-certificate land as collateral, particularly in the context of distributing Working Capital Credit (KMK) to MSMEs. In banking practice, non-certificate land such as girik, petok D, or segel is still widely used as collateral even though it does not meet the formal requirements as an object of Mortgage Rights as regulated in Law Number 4 of 1996. This condition creates vulnerability for banks as creditors, because non-certificate land documents only function as proof of control, not proof of rights, so they do not have executorial power. This study uses a normative juridical method with a statutory and conceptual approach to examine the gap between positive law and banking practice. The results show that preventive legal protection for banks is reflected in the provisions on collateral assessment, the bank's obligation to apply the principle of prudence, and the bank's internal regulations regarding credit risk mitigation. Repressive legal protection is realized through legal remedies that can be taken if the debtor defaults, including through simple lawsuits, risk transfer through debt acknowledgment agreements, and civil execution based on debt-receivable relationships. This study also formulates a conceptualization of dispute resolution that includes mediation, credit restructuring, and litigation as a last resort. The results of this study confirm that the use of non-certificate collateral requires strengthened regulations and harmonization between agrarian and banking law to ensure legal certainty and protection for creditors.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dina Mardiana, Yenny Eta Widyanti, Reka Dewantara https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE EFFECT OF PRODUCT QUALITY, BRAND IMAGE AND PRICE ON THE DECISION TO PURCHASE AN iPHONE (A STUDY OF STUDENTS OF THE FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS, ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA) NORTH MANAGEMENT STUDY PROGRAM CLASS 2021)
The purpose of this study is to analyze and determine the extent of influence of product quality on iPhone purchasing decisions among students, the influence of price on iPhone purchasing decisions among students, and the influence of price on iPhone purchasing decisions among students. This study was conducted at the Islamic University of North Sumatra, specifically at the Faculty of Economics and Business.Business Management Study Program Class of 2021.In sampling using simple random sampling technique, with a total sample of 63 respondents. The method used in the study is the multiple linear regression analysis method. This type of research is quantitative research. The results of this study, namely: (1) product quality has a positive and significant effect on the decision to purchase an iPhone cellphone in students of the Faculty of Economics and Business, Islamic University of North Sumatra. (2) brand image does not have a positive and significant effect on the decision to purchase an iPhone cellphone in students of the Faculty of Economics and Business, Islamic University of North Sumatra. (3) price has a positive and significant effect on the decision to purchase an iPhone cellphone in students of the Faculty of Economics and Business, Islamic University of North Sumatra.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nola Amelia, Nilawati Nasti, Julienda Br Harahap https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE PROBLEMATICS OF THE MEANING OF A CHILD'S STATUS IN NATIONAL LAW: BETWEEN LEGAL CERTAINTY AND JUSTICE
The article titled "THE PROBLEMATICS OF THE MEANING OF A CHILD'S STATUS IN NATIONAL LAW: BETWEEN LEGAL CERTAINTY AND JUSTICE" written by the Author raises the issue of analysis regarding the view of Judges who consider justice should be prioritized over legal certainty in delivering criminal verdicts, especially against Children who conflict with the law. The Author focuses on the limitations of the criminal sentence imposed on Children, then analyzes the provision against the verdict of the Penajam State Court No. 3/Pid.Sus-Child/2024/PN Pnj which exercised judicial activism by imposing a prison sentence exceeding the provisions in Law No. 11 of 2012 on the Juvenile Justice System. The result of the research conducted by the Author is that a criminal sentence of imprisonment can be imposed on the child. If threatened with a life imprisonment or death penalty provision, then the Child can only be sentenced to a maximum of ½, so the maximum imprisonment sentence allowed is 10 years. However, this is countered by the Presiding Judge of Case Number 3/Pid.Sus-Child/2024/PN Pnj by imposing a 20-year prison sentence on Child Junaedi, prioritizing justice over legal certainty.
Copyright (c) 2025 Guntur Aris Prabowo, Nurini Aprilianda, Syihabuddin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
FUTURE ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY: A SYSTEMIC LITERATURE REVIEW BASED ON BEHAVIORAL, VALUE, AND SUSTAINABILITY THEORIES
This article conducts a systematic literature review on prospective organizational change and development strategies, integrating behavioral theory, value-based approaches, and sustainability as foundational elements. The dynamics of global change and imperatives of sustainability necessitate that organizations undergo adaptive and transformative transformations, thereby reinforcing a collaborative work culture. The synthesis of findings indicates that the success of organizational change is significantly influenced by the synergy between individual behavioral transformation, value congruence, and the adoption of sustainable strategies underpinned by authentic leadership. This literature review also identifies research gaps, including the limited integration of individual behavioral theory with organizational change management practices, the scarcity of empirical studies on the relationship between values-based interventions and sustainability, and the need for cross-sector best practice research. This study offers new perspectives, maps key trends, and provides strategic recommendations for the development of resilient, inclusive, and competitive organizations in the future.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nasra, Anton Dody Rushendra, Siti Rabiah, Ameliya Bangun, Tetra Hidayati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
RECONSTRUCTION OF A REHABILITATION APPROACH FOR VICTIMS OF DRUG ABUSE WITH COMMUNITY-BASED INTERVENTION WITH JUSTICE VALUES
The method of handling victims of drug abuse can be done through community-based rehabilitation with therapy methods using a psychosocial approach. Community-based Social Rehabilitation still faces challenges in its implementation. The purpose of this study is to reconstruct the rehabilitation approach for victims of drug abuse with community-based interventions with justice values in order to provide legal protection to victims of drug abuse and reform the Indonesian narcotics criminal law . The research method used is legal research with a statutory regulatory approach, a comparative approach, and a conceptual approach. Based on the research that has been done, it is known that regulations regarding the rehabilitation of victims of drug abuse with a community-based intervention approach still require synchronization of cooperation between the National Narcotics Agency and Regional Governments. because the implementation of community-based interventions without involving Regional Apparatus Organizations causes suboptimal gradual handling programs for victims of drug abuse. In addition, there is an urgency to carry out reconstruction based on the principle of justice referring to the purpose of rehabilitation as treatment or care for drug addicts, so that addicts can recover from their addiction to narcotics.
Copyright (c) 2025 Kevin Krissentanu Winner, Milda Istiqomah, Bambang Sugiri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
RECONSTRUCTION OF LEGAL FINDINGS AND REASONING ON ACEH'S LEGISLATIVE AUTHORITY WITHIN THE FRAME WORK OF SPECIAL AUTONOMY
This study aims to analyze the process of legal discovery and reasoning by the Aceh People's Representative Council (DPRA) in drafting qanuns, the extent to which these qanuns are in accordance with national laws and general legal principles, and the legal and social obstacles that arise in their implementation. The study uses a qualitative, normative-empirical method, with a literature study approach, semi-structured interviews with DPRA members, legal academics, and community leaders, and observations of the implementation of qanuns in the field. The results show that the Aceh DPRA applies legal reasoning to interpret national legal norms and adapt them to the local Acehnese context, and uses legal discovery to fill gaps or overlapping regulations. Although most qanuns are in line with the Aceh Special Autonomy Law and general legal principles, there are several qanuns that create potential legal conflicts with national regulations. Obstacles to qanun implementation include inconsistencies in norms, limited apparatus capacity, the complexity of qanuns for the community, and the lack of effective oversight mechanisms. The strategy of reconstructing legal discovery and reasoning through the integration of normative studies, empirical evaluation, and multi-stakeholder participation has been proven to be able to improve the quality of Aceh's legislation, ensuring that qanuns are more relevant, effective, and have legal and social legitimacy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdul Rahman Maulana Siregar, Musannif https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
IMPLEMENTATION OF DISABILITY-FRIENDLY DEVELOPMENT; A Study on the Efforts of the Banyuwangi Regency Government to Provide Equal Access to People with Disabilities
People with disabilities still experience structural vulnerability due to limited accessibility and participation in development, despite the existence of policies that guarantee the fulfillment of disability rights. This condition demands the implementation of inclusive development based on cross-actor collaboration. This study aims to analyze the implementation of cross-actor collaboration in involving people with disabilities to support inclusive development in Banyuwangi Regency. The study used a descriptive qualitative approach with data collection techniques through in-depth interviews, observations, and documentation studies. Informants were determined purposively by involving elements of the local government, the legislature, people with disabilities, and supporting organizations. The results show that the implementation of cross-actor collaboration has been quite effective in building synergy between stakeholders, increasing access, and participation of people with disabilities. The impact of inclusive development has not fully met the needs of people with disabilities, especially in aspects of physical accessibility and substantive involvement in decision-making. The importance of strengthening collaborative commitment, clarifying technical regulations, and continuous evaluation mechanisms is crucial to realize equitable inclusive development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rizka Nanda Aprilita, Hary Priyanto, Niko Pahlevi Hentika https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
JURIDICAL STUDY ON THE CONCEPT OF JUDICIAL PARDON AND VICTIM PROTECTION IN JUVENILE CASES: ANALYSIS OF DECISION NUMBER 2/PID.SUS-ANAK/2021/PN RGT
Copyright (c) 2025 Rani Adriana, Nurini Aprilianda, Sriti Hesti Astiti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ENSURING THE BEST INTERESTS OF THE CHILD: JUDICIAL CONSIDERATIONS ON POST-DIVORCE CHILD SUPPORT IN LHOKSEUMAWE
This study examines the existence and effectiveness of the Sharia Court of Lhokseumawe’s rulings on post-divorce child support obligations through a normative-empirical legal research approach. Normatively, the analysis draws on Law No. 1 of 1974 on Marriage, the Compilation of Islamic Law (KHI), and Law No. 35 of 2014 on Child Protection, while empirically it relies on case studies of court decisions and interviews with judges. The findings reveal that the court consistently upholds the father’s responsibility to provide child support after divorce, reflecting alignment with statutory provisions, Islamic principles, and the doctrine of the best interests of the child. However, variations in the determination of support amounts and weak enforcement mechanisms demonstrate a gap between “law in the books” and “law in action.” Sociological analysis further shows that ineffective enforcement disproportionately burdens women and children, exacerbating economic vulnerability and the feminization of poverty. The study concludes that while the normative foundation of child support rulings is strong, their practical effectiveness requires improvements in drafting quality, standardized guidelines, and enforcement mechanisms, alongside greater collaboration between the judiciary, government, and society to ensure substantive justice and child welfare.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muammar , Faisal, Marlia Sastro , Mukhlis https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE MEANING OF DIVERSION REGARDING THE PHILOSOPHICAL BASIS IN THE JUVENILE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
Talking about children is a very important thing, because children are a mandate and gift from God Almighty who have the dignity and honor as a whole human being, and play a role in determining the history of the nation, as well as a reflection of the nation's attitude in the future. Therefore, the state is obliged to provide protection and realize the welfare of children so that they can continue to live, to grow and develop according to their nature. Today, the impact of the rapid dynamics of life can change the characteristics of children where children are a hope for the nation and state for the future. However, in fact, children are rampant in committing a form of crime based on ignorance due to the surrounding environment. In Indonesia, children who commit crimes, especially children who are underage or not competent, receive a form of legal protection in the form of diversion. However, there are still many children who are in conflict with the law even though the child is underage or not competent, ending up undergoing criminal sanctions in the form of imprisonment for children. So with that, the provisions of the diversion policy can still be said to not fully reflect legal protection for children in conflict with the law, especially for children who are under age or legally incompetent. It is only right that the interests of children are fully protected for the future of the child through diversion
Copyright (c) 2025 Darwanto, darwanto Darwanto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ANALYSIS OF THE CRIME OF MOTORCYCLE THEFT COMMITTED BY A CHILD (A Study of Decision Number 7/Pid.Sus-Anak/2017/PN Pga)
This study examines juvenile motorcycle theft based on Court Decision No. 7/Pid.Sus-Anak/2017/PN Pga, prompted by the increasing involvement of minors in such crimes. It addresses factors contributing to juvenile offenses, the law enforcement process, and the legal policy applied in the decision. Utilizing a normative juridical method with statutory, conceptual, and case approaches, this research qualitatively analyzes primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. Results reveal that economic hardship, insufficient moral and religious education, negative social environments, and weak family supervision are key contributing factors. In enforcement, Law No. 11 of 2012 on the Juvenile Criminal Justice System was applied, upholding child protection principles. The judge's legal policy, prioritizing the child's best interest, sentenced the offender to 10 months in prison, acknowledging remorse and rehabilitation needs. Conclusively, the juvenile justice system should emphasize restorative over repressive approaches. Recommendations urge active roles from government, society, and families in preventing juvenile delinquency through continuous moral education, supervision, and guidance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Haka, Rahmayanti, Redyanto Sidi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CRIMINALIZATION OF DEEPFAKE PORNOGRAPHY OFFENSES: THE URGENCY OF REGULATION UNDER THE ELECTRONIC INFORMATION AND TRANSACTIONS LAW
Deepfake pornography enables the manipulation of an individual’s image or likeness into explicit content without consent, resulting in severe harm to personal dignity, privacy, reputation, and psychological well-being. This study aims to examine the urgency of criminalizing deepfake pornography within Indonesia’s legal framework, particularly under the Law on Electronic Information and Transactions (UU ITE), which currently lacks explicit regulation addressing this phenomenon. Employing a normative juridical research method, this study analyzes relevant Indonesian legislation, including the UU ITE, the Pornography Law, and the Criminal Code, alongside fundamental principles of criminal law. A comparative legal approach is also adopted by examining regulatory responses in several jurisdictions, such as the United States, the European Union, and Japan, which have implemented more specific and adaptive legal measures against deepfake-related offenses. The findings reveal significant legal gaps in Indonesian law that hinder effective law enforcement and fail to provide adequate legal protection for victims. Consequently, this study argues that the explicit criminalization of deepfake pornography within the UU ITE is essential to ensure legal certainty, enhance victim protection, and strengthen cybercrime enforcement mechanisms. The study further recommends regulatory reform that integrates criminal sanctions, platform accountability, and victim-oriented remedies as part of a comprehensive legal response to technology-driven sexual exploitation in the digital era.
Copyright (c) 2026 Novalinda Nadya Putri, Muhammad Enaldo Hasbaj https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EDUCATION STATUS OF MUSLIM WOMEN IN KAYALPATTINAM
In Tamil Nadu, education was regarded as an important aspect of society. During the pre-British period, Muslim women received little attention in education, as male education dominated. Though Islam encouraged women’s learning, social customs like the purdah system and early marriages restricted their access. The arrival of the British and the influence of Christian missionaries marked a turning point in Muslim women’s education. Before 1850 A.D., there were no organized Muslim institutions in Tuticorin; education took place at teachers’ homes where Lebbais taught the Quran, Arabic, moral values, Tamil, and basic mathematics. Most families depended on fishing, weaving, cultivation, and cattle grazing for livelihood, which limited girls’ education. Kayalpattinam, an ancient settlement famous since the Sangam age, along with Korkai, Tiruchendur, and Tuticorin, became centers symbolizing Muslim culture and learning in southern Tamil Nadu.
Copyright (c) 2025 S. Benazeer https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
RESTORATIVE JUSTICE: THE DILEMMA OF LEGAL CERTAINTY AMIDST SECTORAL REGULATORY BARRIERS OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES
The main problem with the implementation of restorative justice in Indonesia is that it is still regulated sectorally by the Police, the Prosecutor's Office, and the Courts, resulting in a lack of synchronization, overlapping norms, and the potential for legal uncertainty. Through normative juridical research with a statutory, conceptual, and case-based approach, this article examines the differences in the regulation and implementation of restorative justice in National Police Regulation Number 8 of 2021, Attorney General Regulation Number 15 of 2020, and Supreme Court Regulation Number 1 of 2024. The results show that regulations at the investigation level still contain vague and immeasurable formulations, while the Prosecutor's Office has clearer criteria but remains inconsistent with the Supreme Court Regulation, which even allows certain recidivists to seek restorative resolution. At the court level, restorative justice functions only as an approach without terminating the case process, thus differing in orientation from the two previous levels. These differences create inconsistencies in implementation, confusion of authority, and diminish the essence of restorative justice as a restorative instrument. This article emphasizes the need for short-term regulatory harmonization and the establishment of a specific law on restorative justice as an integrated legal umbrella to ensure legal certainty, justice, and benefit for all parties involved in the criminal justice process.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ann Eko Widiarto, Nyoman Nurjana, Yolenta Lobe Liko https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ENHANCING MARITIME SHIPPING OPERATIONS DECISION-MAKING IN A FERTILIZER COMPANY THROUGH A DYNAMIC DASHBOARD: A QUALITATIVE CONTENT ANALYSIS
This research examines how a dynamic dashboard can enhance decision making process in PT Pupuk Indonesia’s maritime fertilizer distribution system and identifies the performance metrics required to be embedded in the dashboard. The study employs a qualitative research methodology by using semi structured interviews with three key stakeholders from the Distribution Compartment: the Senior Vice President of Distribution, the Vice President of Distribution Planning and Controlling, and an Officer of Shipping Operations. The interview data were analyzed using Johnny Saldaña’s (2009) First Cycle and Second Cycle coding techniques to systematically generate insights and derive thematic conclusions. The analysis reveals that current decision making process rely heavily on fragmented information and partially manual workflows, resulting in inconcistencies and limited visibility. Existing digital system does not provide enough operational level metrics and this study highlights the need for data integration across functions and subsidiaries, real time updates, and standardized operational KPIs to be embedded to support decision making.
Copyright (c) 2025 Edwin Octoriza https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
REVIEW COMMUNITY COMPLIANCE AND AWARENESS IN USE OF SOCIAL MEDIA FROM PERSPECTIVE SOCIOLOGY OF LAW
Social media has become part important in life modern society , but also gives rise to challenge law new , like pollution Name good , speech hatred , and the spread of information lie . This research aim analyze level awareness and compliance law public in use of social media in Indonesia and role law as tool controller social . The approach used is juridical-sociological , which studies law No only as rule written but also as phenomenon social . Research results show that even though Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Information and Transactions Electronics ( last changed with Law Number 1 of 2024) provides guidelines law , violation Still often happen consequence low literacy law , lack of digital education , and the lack of internalization mark ethics . From the perspective sociology law , compliance law depends on understanding and application norm social in digital interactions . This research emphasize importance education laws and approaches restorative For increase awareness law , so that social media can used in a way responsible responsible and harmonious in Indonesian society .
Copyright (c) 2025 Teguh Ferdiansyah Chusnein, Catharina Dewi Wulansari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
FROM POLICY TO PRACTICE: ANALYSIS OF WASTE MANAGEMENT IMPLEMENTATION IN TAMANSARI TOURISM VILLAGE
The development of Tamansari Village as a leading tourist village in Banyuwangi Regency has had a positive impact on the community's economy, but has also given rise to environmental problems in the form of increased household and tourist waste generation. Suboptimal waste management has the potential to disrupt the sustainability of tourist villages if not balanced with effective policies and community empowerment. This study aims to analyze the implementation of community empowerment-based waste management policies in Tamansari Village using the pressure, opportunity, and rationalization theories. This study uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive research type. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, field observations, and documentation studies. Informants were selected purposively, including village officials, tourist village managers, waste bank managers, community leaders, and villagers. Data analysis was carried out using an interactive analysis model that includes data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing, and its validity was tested through triangulation of sources and techniques. The results of the study indicate that the policy approach is not only technical, but also touches on structural and behavioral aspects, so that community empowerment-based waste management in Tamansari Village can be effective and sustainable. This study concludes that waste management in Tamansari Village requires an integrated approach that addresses both structural and behavioral aspects of the community.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hurul Ainun Zulfa Salsabila, Hary Priyanto, Niko Pahlevi Hentika https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE INFLUENCE OF LIVE STREAMING, CASHBACK, AND FREE SHIPPING ON PURCHASING DECISIONS PURCHASE OF TIKTOK SHOP (A STUDY OF MANAGEMENT STUDENTS AT MALIKUSSALEH UNIVERSITY)
This study aims to examine the influence of live streaming, cashback, and free shipping on purchasing decisions on TikTok Shop (a study of management students at Malikussaleh University). Data in this study was collected using a questionnaire as a data collection instrument. The sample size for this study was 102 respondents. This study employed a quantitative approach using multiple linear regression analysis and was processed using the SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) software. Hypotheses were determined using SPSS version 25.0. The results of this study indicate that, partially, the Live Streaming variable has a positive and significant effect on purchasing decisions on TikTok Shop, statistically 0.001 < 0.005, and has a t-value > t-table, 2.907 > 1.660. The Cashback variable has a positive and significant effect on purchasing decisions on TikTok Shop, statistically 0.004 < 0.005, with a t-value > t-table, 2.771 > 1.660. Furthermore, the Free Shipping variable has a positive and significant effect on purchasing decisions on TikTok Shop, statistically 0.000 < 0.005, with a t-value > t-table, 9.825 > 1.660. The adjusted R-square value for the independent variables—live streaming, cashback, and free shipping—indicates that 70.1% of the variance is explained by these variables, while the remaining 29.1% is explained by other variables not included in this study.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nidea Rinzeni, Adnan, Widyana Verawati Siregar, Rusydi Abubakar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF PRETRIAL DECISIONS OUTSIDE THE OBJECT OF PRETRIAL CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF SUPREME COURT REGULATION NUMBER 4 OF 2016 CONCERNING THE PROHIBITION OF REVIEW OF PRETRIAL DECISIONS
Pretrial decisions have an important role in ensuring the protection of human rights and controlling coercive actions by law enforcement officers in the Indonesian criminal justice system. However, in judicial practice, dynamics have developed where pretrial judges decide cases outside the object of pretrial as limited by Article 77 of the Criminal Procedure Code, such as examining the validity of the determination of suspects, preliminary evidence, and even the main points of the case. This development has given rise to legal issues, especially after the issuance of Supreme Court Regulation (Perma) Number 4 of 2016 which expressly prohibits the legal remedy of Judicial Review (PK) against pretrial decisions. This study aims to analyze: (1) the legal basis for the birth of pretrial decisions that exceed the limits of the object of authority; (2) the legal implications of these decisions on the principles of legal certainty, justice, and due process of law; and (3) the relevance of Perma No. 4 of 2016 in providing solutions to the lack of legal remedies for controversial pretrial decisions. This study uses a normative legal method with a statutory, case, and conceptual approach. The data were analyzed qualitatively through systematic and comparative legal interpretation of pretrial practices following Constitutional Court Decision No. 21/PUU-XII/2014 and other progressive pretrial decisions. The research results show that the expansion of pretrial objects is a consequence of the constitutional interpretation of the protection of the suspect's rights, but at the same time creates legal uncertainty and disharmony between the norms of the Criminal Procedure Code and judicial practice. The prohibition of judicial review in Supreme Court Regulation No. 4 of 2016 limits access to justice by closing the room for correction of ultra vires pretrial decisions. Therefore, it is necessary to reconstruct the pretrial regulations in the future Criminal Procedure Code and open up space for limited legal remedies to prevent abuse of pretrial judges' authority.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rahmat Hidayat , Yuliati, Abdul Majid https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE REGULATION UNDER INDONESIAN ADMINISTRATIVE LAWJURIDICAL ANALYSIS OF PRESIDENTIAL REGULATION NO. 14 OF 2024 AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION
This study examines the legal framework of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) in Indonesia, focusing on the enactment and implementation of Presidential Regulation No. 14 of 2024 concerning the Organization of Carbon Capture and Storage Activities. The objective of this research is to assess how the regulation provides legal certainty, administrative accountability, and clarity of state control in CCS governance as a strategic instrument to achieve Indonesia’s Net Zero Emission (NZE) target by 2060. The study employs a normative juridical approach, relying on primary legal materials including laws, presidential regulations, and ministerial decrees, as well as secondary sources such as academic literature, legal doctrines, and previous studies. Data collection was conducted through library research and analyzed using grammatical and systematic interpretation to examine the relationship between CCS regulations within the broader Indonesian legal system. The results indicate that the regulation establishes an initial legal basis for CCS governance, particularly in terms of site characterization, licensing, monitoring, and post-operational responsibilities. However, challenges remain, including overlapping institutional mandates, the absence of comprehensive technical guidelines for Monitoring, Measurement, and Verification (MMV), and legal uncertainties for enterprises participating in CCS projects. These findings highlight the necessity of harmonizing CCS regulations with existing environmental and energy laws, as well as strengthening administrative law mechanisms to ensure compliance, transparency, and public accountability. In conclusion, Presidential Regulation No. 14 of 2024 represents a progressive step in integrating CCS into Indonesia’s climate policy framework, but its effectiveness will depend on consistent implementation, the formulation of detailed technical rules, and institutional coordination. Reinforcing the principles of administrative law, particularly legal certainty, the rule of law, and state responsibility, is crucial to ensure that CCS not only contributes to emission reduction but also aligns with the principles of good governance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Audrey Kartika Putri, Indah Dwi Qurbani, Mardian Wibowo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE INFLUENCE OF FOOD QUALITY, PRICE FAIRNESS, PRODUCT VARIETY, SERVICESCAPE, STORE BRAND IMAGE ON REPURCHASE INTENTION THROUGH PURCHASE DECISION AND CUSTOMER SATISFACTION OF PIZZA HUT VISITORS IN SAMARINDA CITY
This study aims to analyze the influence of Food Quality, Price Fairness, Product Variety, Servicescape, and Store Brand Image on Repurchase Intention Mediated by Purchase Decision and Customer Satisfaction among Pizza Hut visitors in Samarinda City. In the increasingly competitive fast food restaurant industry, understanding the factors that drive purchasing decisions and customer satisfaction is crucial to foster customer loyalty. Through a quantitative approach, this study examines marketing variables such as product quality, fair prices, menu diversity, restaurant atmosphere, and brand image that can influence customer decisions and satisfaction which ultimately impact repurchase intentions. The results of this study are expected to provide theoretical contributions in the study of consumer behavior, as well as practical benefits for restaurant managers in developing more effective marketing strategies to retain customers and improve business performance. The results of the study indicate that price fairness, product variety, and store brand image have a significant effect on purchase decisions, while food quality and servicescape have no significant effect on purchase decisions. Furthermore, food quality, price fairness, product variety, and servicescape have a significant effect on customer satisfaction, while store brand image has no significant effect on customer satisfaction. In the final stage of the model, it was found that purchase decisions, customer satisfaction, and servicescape have a significant effect on repurchase intentions, while food quality, price fairness, and product variety have no significant direct effect on repurchase intentions. These findings indicate that purchase decisions and customer satisfaction play an important mediating variable in explaining the formation of Pizza Hut consumers' repurchase intentions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Suramli, St Nurhasanah, Sarwo Eddy Wibowo, Usratul Maqfira https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
POSITION OF A NOTARY IN THE MAKING AND REVOKING OF A WILL (Study at the Notary Office of Herry Aprizal, SH,Sp.N)
Notaries play an important role in the preparation and revocation of wills due to their authority as the official who makes authentic deeds that guarantee legal certainty regarding the testator's last wishes. This study aims to examine the position and duties of notaries in this process through normative and empirical methods, including analysis of regulations, literature, and field data at the Notary Office of Herry Aprizal, SH, Sp.N. The results of the study indicate that notaries are authorized to prepare and store wills and are required to report the preparation, changes, and revocation of wills to the Estates Office and the Central Wills Register. Revocation is only valid if carried out by the maker in a competent state, and the notary must ensure that the procedure meets legal requirements. The study confirms that notary professionalism is a key factor in ensuring legal certainty and order regarding the implementation of wills.
Copyright (c) 2026 Daffaraza Ramadhan, Suwardi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
LEGAL PROTECTION FOR EMPLOYMENT AND PREVENTIVE MEASURES AS A MEANS OF SOLVING THE PROBLEM OF LOW QUALITY HUMAN RESOURCES
Every Indonesian citizen naturally desires social welfare. Every need, such as food, clothing, education, health, employment, a comfortable environment, and other basic needs, can be met. Therefore, social welfare also depends on the type and level of knowledge possessed and developed by the community itself. If human resource development efforts in a country are carried out optimally, the level of happiness and prosperity in a country will increase. As is the case with Indonesia, which is constantly developing its human resources in accordance with current developments. Furthermore, workers require legal certainty in carrying out their work. In this regard, the law is essential in regulating human resource management. The government's role must continue to be enhanced in terms of legal protection for all workers. This should include creating clear and fair legal products, socializing these legal products, and taking firm action against violators of established laws and regulations. The problem that has arisen is the large number of foreign workers entering Indonesia. The government's policy of implementing visa-free provisions for a number of countries will have an impact on the emergence of illegal immigrants in Indonesia. This is also feared to eliminate job opportunities for the Indonesian people, and the arrival of foreign workers could even create social, political, and security problems. Regulation of the Minister of Manpower of the Republic of Indonesia Number 14 of 2015 concerning the Ministry of Manpower's Strategic Plan for 2015-2019 explains that Indonesia's labor market still suffers from low-quality human resources. This has resulted in low competitiveness of Indonesian workers compared to foreign workers entering Indonesia. One solution implemented by the Government is collaboration with various domestic and foreign institutions, both government and private, and companies that accommodate or absorb human labor. This is expected to provide the best results in addressing the problem of weak human resources in Indonesia.
Copyright (c) 2025 John Dongan Tua Situmorang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
IMPLICATIONS OF PERSONAL DATA LEAKS FROM THE PUBLICATION OF JUDICIAL DECISIONS IN THE SUPREME COURT DECISION DIRECTORY ON PERSONAL DATA PROTECTION
The publication of court decisions in the Indonesian Supreme Court Decision Directory is a form of public information disclosure. However, in practice, these publications often contain the personal data of the parties involved, such as their National Identification Number, full address, and the identity of victims, even in cases where this information should be redacted. This situation creates the potential for personal data leaks that could open up opportunities for information misuse, violate privacy rights, and pose security risks. This study aims to analyze the implications of personal data leaks originating from the publication of court rulings in the Supreme Court's ruling directory on personal data protection in the era following the enactment of Law-Law Number 27 of 2022 concerning Personal Data Protection and the issuance of the Supreme Court Chief Justice's Decree Number 2-144/KMA/SK/VIII/2022 concerning Public Information Service Standards in Courts. The research method used is normative juridical with a legislative, case analysis, and conceptual approach, supplemented by a study of examples of publicly published decisions. The results of the study show that there are still discrepancies between the practice of publishing decisions and the obligation to protect personal data. These findings indicate the need to strengthen editorial policies, obscuring standards, and internal monitoring mechanisms so that the openness of judicial information does not sacrifice the privacy rights of the public. This study is expected to contribute to improving the governance of decision publication and strengthening the personal data protection regime in Indonesia.
Copyright (c) 2025 Roni Evi Dongoran, Nurini Aprilianda, Faizin Sulistio https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CHALLENGES IN THE LEGAL PROFESSION IN THE CONTEXT OF LEGAL SOCIOLOGY
The sociology of law is a discipline within sociology that experimentally and analytically examines the interdependent relationship between law and various social phenomena. It examines the function of law in society and how society influences and creates legal frameworks. It encompasses law as a regulatory system and a social phenomenon shaped by several social elements, including norms, values, culture, and social structures. As the study of the interaction between law and society, the sociology of law presents numerous challenges to the legal profession. These challenges include limited legal knowledge and understanding, the impact of social and cultural change, and technological developments. Furthermore, issues such as corruption, conflicts of interest, and lack of access to legal services also pose serious challenges to the legal profession.
Copyright (c) 2025 Azizah Dzakiah Nurhakiki , Catharina Dewi Wulansari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
FEMALE VOTER PARTICIPATION IN THE 2024 GENERAL ELECTION OF BAUBAU CITY DPRD MEMBERS
Research purposes For analyze participation voters Woman in General Election for Members of the Baubau City Regional People's Representative Council 2024. Problems​ study focused on gaps between height level participation numeric voters Woman with quality participation political in a way substantive , representative , and its influence to taking decision public . For answer problem said , research This use references theoretical from field administration public , participation politics , gender studies , and governance democracy . Data collected through interview in-depth , observation , and documentation with involving organizer elections , voters women , and members legislative women , then analyzed in a way qualitative use technique interactive data analysis . Research results show that mechanism administrative gender responsive elections , policies affirmative , and involvement meaningful Woman in institution organizer elections capable increase participation and trust Woman towards the democratic process . Although representation women in institutions legislative Still limited in a way quantitative , its existence give contribution substantive to policy more public​ inclusive and gender responsive . Research This conclude that strengthening commitment institutional , regulatory gender and culturally sensitive inclusive organization​ is key For overcome obstacle structural and cultural as well as speed up equality political women at the level local .
Copyright (c) 2026 Edi Sabara, Andi Tenri, La Didi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SOCIAL INTERACTION ABILITIES OF CHILDREN ON THE AUTISM SPECTRUM: A STUDY FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY
Social skills are a fundamental aspect of child development, particularly for children on the autism spectrum (ASD). Children with autism often experience difficulties in social interaction, communication, and building relationships with peers and their environment. Educational psychology views social skills not only as a result of individual development, but also as influenced by the interaction between cognitive, affective, and environmental factors. This article aims to analyze the social skills of children on the autism spectrum from an educational psychology perspective, reviewing influencing factors, intervention strategies, and the role of inclusive schools. This literature review shows that the social skills of children with autism can be developed through psychopedagogical interventions, life skills-based learning , the use of interactive social media, and support for an inclusive educational environment. These findings emphasize that the roles of teachers, parents, and special education personnel are key in optimizing the social skills of children on the autism spectrum.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alda Zahara Islamyati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
LEGISLATIVE RATIO OF SEMA NUMBER 3 OF 2023 IN GUARANTEEING SUBSTANTIVE JUSTICE IN DIVORCE CASES
The high divorce rate in Indonesia, particularly within the religious courts, has drawn serious scrutiny in the practice of family law enforcement. The most dominant grounds for divorce, namely persistent disputes and arguments, are often presented with weak and subjective evidence, potentially creating legal uncertainty and injustice for certain parties, particularly women. To address this issue, the Supreme Court issued Supreme Court Circular Letter (SEMA) Number 3 of 2023, which tightens the requirements for granting a divorce petition on the grounds of persistent disputes, through a new formulation requiring two cumulative elements: first, proven inability to live in harmony between husband and wife, and second, a minimum of six months of separation of residence, unless domestic violence (DV) is proven. This study aims to examine the Ratio legis of the issuance of SEMA 3 of 2023 and its implications for the fulfillment of substantive justice in divorce cases in the Religious Courts. Using a normative juridical approach with qualitative analysis methods, this study examines related laws and regulations, legal literature, and theories of justice and legal certainty. The research findings indicate that SEMA 3 of 2023 plays a significant role in normatively unifying evidentiary standards and emphasizing judges' prudence in deciding divorce cases. However, in practice, these provisions can also create barriers to access to justice for economically, socially, and psychologically vulnerable parties, particularly in proving separation and domestic violence. Therefore, the fulfillment of substantive justice through the implementation of SEMA is highly dependent on judges' sensitivity in understanding the factual realities of households and their ability to interpret norms progressively, flexibly, and contextually.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nadia Romadhon, Abdul Rachmad Budiono, Hanif Nur Widhiyanti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF REGULATIONS CONCERNING LEGAL LIABILITY OF DIRECTORS OF STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES FOLLOWING THE THIRD AMENDMENT TO LAW NUMBER 19 OF 2003 CONCERNING STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES
The third amendment to Law Number 19 of 2003 concerning State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) is a response to the need to strengthen state corporate governance and increase the effectiveness of SOEs' role in the national economy. However, this regulatory change also has legal implications for the construction of the legal accountability of SOE directors, particularly in their position as state corporate organs that carry out fiduciary duties but still face the regime of state financial law and criminal law. This study aims to analyse how these regulatory changes affect the limits of directors' responsibility in making business decisions, as well as assess the relevance of applying the business judgment rule principle as an instrument of legal protection for directors. The research method used is normative juridical with a statutory approach, a conceptual approach, and a case approach. The results show that although the legal changes provide reinforcement to the principles of professionalism and independence of directors, there is still a disharmony of norms between the corporate legal regime and the state administrative law regime and criminal law, particularly regarding the interpretation of the element of "state loss" in corruption crimes. This condition has the potential to create legal uncertainty and over-criminalization of directors' business decisions made in good faith. Therefore, a reconstruction of the legal framework governing SOE directors’ accountability is required through legislative harmonization and law enforcement guidelines that consistently position SOEs as private legal entities in their business activities.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shafira Sheffy R. R, Reka Dewantara, Amelia Sri Kusuma Dewi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CUSTODY OF COMPENSATION FOR UNKNOWN PARTIES IN THE FRAMEWORK OF LAND ACQUISITION FOR DEVELOPMENT IN THE PUBLIC INTEREST
Although the general provisions for consignment of compensation have been regulated in land acquisition regulations, this study identified the incompleteness of explicit legal norms regarding the basis and procedures for consignment on the grounds that the entitled party is unknown. The focus of this study lies in whether the District Court is justified in granting a consignment application for public interest development on the grounds that the entitled party is unknown, reviewed from the concept of land ownership in Indonesia and comparative law with Malaysia. Through a normative legal approach and legal comparison, this study found that the court's decision to grant consignment for an unknown party is contrary to the basic concept of the State's Right to Control (HMN) as regulated in Article 33 paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution in conjunction with Article 2 of Law Number 5 of 1960. Legally, if there is no legal subject ownership right attached to the land, the status of the land essentially returns to State Land, so that efforts to consign compensation become irrelevant and normatively unnecessary. This finding emphasizes the importance of legal certainty in the implementation of land acquisition regulations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Syeh Aries Fauzan, Mohammad Hamidi Maskur, Herlindah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE HARMONIZING INSTITUTIONAL AUTHORITY TO DETERMINE STATE FINANCIAL LOSSES IN CORRUPTION CASES
The disharmony in authority among various institutions including the Supreme Audit Agency (BPK), the Government Internal Supervisory Apparatus (BPKP), the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK), Inspectorates, Regional Apparatus Work Units (SKPD), Public Accountants, and Judges in calculating state financial losses in corruption crime cases has led to legal uncertainty and debates over which institution holds the legitimate authority to determine such losses. Through juridical, philosophical, and sociological analysis, this study finds that the source of disharmony lies in the ambiguous norms of the Corruption Crime Law, which does not explicitly designate a single institution authorized to determine state losses. Based on its constitutional position, this research asserts the urgency of establishing BPK as the sole institution authorized to calculate state losses, accompanied by vertical harmonization of the roles of other institutions, strengthening of BPK's institutional capacity, standardization of audit methodologies, and a reaffirmation of corruption as a serious crime requiring evidentiary certainty. This study concludes that harmonizing authorities is an urgent step to strengthen the effectiveness and integrity of corruption law enforcement while enhancing public trust in Indonesia's anti-corruption mechanisms.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dian Devananda Akbar, Prija Djatmika, Nurini Aprilianda https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
LEGAL PROTECTION OF THE CUSTOMARY RIGHTS OF THE RIMBA PEOPLE IN JAMBI PROVINCE
The state recognizes and protects Indigenous Law Communities (MHA) and their traditional rights in the constitution. One of the traditional rights held by MHA is customary rights. Some communities in Indonesia still live in groups and depend on the land/environment they recognize as customary rights. One of the Indigenous Law Communities is the Orang Rimba. The Orang Rimba live inside and outside forest areas, some of them still practice a semi-hunting-gathering culture and wander in the forest which they recognize as their living space. This study aims to examine the urgency of protecting the customary rights of the Orang Rimba and the implementation of the protection of their customary rights. Both issues are reviewed in normative juridical research, based on a set of regulations related to the recognition of MHA and customary rights that are still in effect in Indonesia. From the research conducted, it was found that the government has not fully provided legal protection for the customary rights of the Orang Rimba. The solution offered is a partnership agreement for area management and relocation of Orang Rimba settlements through the Remote Indigenous Community program.
Copyright (c) 2026 Irfan Hafiyyansah, I Nyoman Nurajaya, Herlindah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
REPOSITIONING THE VICTIM’S LEGAL STANDING: TRANSFORMING UNLAWFUL ACT LAWSUITS INTO SUBSTANTIVE RESTITUTION EXECUTION CERTAINTY IN ASSAULT CASES UNDER LAW NO. 20 OF 2025."
This study examines the paradigm shift in criminal procedure law, moving from an offender-centered focus toward the restoration of victim rights through restitution mechanisms. Article 101 of the old Criminal Procedure is considered to have failed in providing effective justice because it positioned compensation as an "accessory" claim subject to civil procedure. This placed the burden of independent proof on the victim and resulted in court orders that were difficult to execute. Using normative legal research with a conceptual approach, this study analyzes the urgency of Law No. 20 of 2025 (the New Criminal Procedure Code), effective as of January 2, 2026. The results indicate that Articles 183-192 of the New Criminal Procedure Code carry out a significant transformation by fully integrating restitution into the criminal justice system. This innovation shifts the burden of proof to the Public Prosecutor and provides enforcement power through substitute imprisonment for offenders who refuse to pay. This procedural transformation cuts through the complexity of judicial bureaucracy and guarantees legal certainty and substantive recovery of victim rights. This arrangement serves as a solution to the legal vacuum and the ineffectiveness of the old mechanism, particularly in ordinary criminal cases, to realize comprehensive restorative justice.
Copyright (c) 2026 Stefanus Fernandus Pardosi, Faizin Sulistio, Djumikasih https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
JUDICIAL LIMITS OF INTERVENTION IN ADMINISTRATIVE COURT
This journal aims to analyze the intervention process in dispute resolution in the Administrative Court. This study identifies two main problems: first, the mechanism for third-party entry into the dispute resolution process in the Administrative Court, and second, the legal consequences of third-party intervention in the case under study. The results of the study show that based on Article 83 of Law Number 5 of 1986 concerning Administrative Courts, third parties can enter the trial process during the examination, either on their own initiative, at the request of one of the parties, or at the initiative of the judge. The legal consequence of the entry of this third party is that they obtain the status of the Second Defendant of Intervention, which gives them the right to defend their interests in the trial process. This study emphasizes the importance of the presence of third parties in maintaining justice and legal certainty in state administrative disputes. The conclusion of this paper is that although intervention provides an opportunity for interested parties to participate in the legal process, there is a need for renewal and codification of the code of procedure in the Administrative Court to be more responsive to the dynamics of existing dispute resolution.
Copyright (c) 2025 Prasetyo Nugroho, Shinta Hadiyantina, Sudarsono https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
POLICY ON THE LEGAL REGULATION OF CRIMINAL ACTS INVOLVING THE MISUSE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE DEEPFAKES
The development of artificial intelligence (AI) technology has brought significant advances in various areas of human life, but on the other hand, it has also created new challenges in the legal field, especially through the emergence of deepfake technology. Deepfake technology utilizes AI to manipulate images, videos, and voices of individuals to appear realistic, which in practice is often misused for purposes such as fraud, pornography, spreading hoaxes, and damaging reputations. Indonesia currently has no specific regulations governing the misuse of deepfake technology, so law enforcement still relies on general provisions such as the Criminal Code, the Electronic Information and Transaction Law, the Personal Data Protection Law, and the Sexual Violence Criminal Law. This legal vacuum or incompleteness causes legal uncertainty and potential violations of the principle of legality. Through a criminal law policy approach, adaptive legal reforms are needed to keep pace with developments in digital technology. Efforts that can be made include revising the Electronic Information and Transaction Law as lex specialis that regulates provisions on deepfakes or formulating specific regulations on artificial intelligence (AI) that comprehensively regulate ethical aspects, responsibility, and criminal liability. This policy is expected to provide certainty, justice, and protection of individual rights in facing the legal challenges of the digital era in Indonesia.
Copyright (c) 2025 Amalia Andayani Nugraha, Faizin Sulistio, Patricia Audrey Ruslijanto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
BULLYING IN THE STUDY OF LEGAL SOCIOLOGY
The sociology of law is the study of the reciprocal relationship between law and society. It is a branch of science that studies, observes, and explains, using an empirical analytical approach, legal issues confronted with other phenomena in society. The sociological approach of law shows us that state law is not the sole guideline for behavior. In reality, other laws are effectively obeyed by society. Based on the Indonesian constitution, Article 31 Paragraph 3 of the 1945 Constitution, the government is obliged to manage and organize a national education system to foster faith and noble morals. Regarding bullying, which is a long-standing phenomenon that practically occurs in students' lives, perpetrators will continually intimidate and ridicule their peers. This must be stopped because it can cause victims to hinder class attendance. From a sociological perspective, any violence constitutes abusive behavior. Therefore, the enforcement of ethics generally stems from self-awareness. This situation seems very critical to eradicate, especially in the field of education, which has been systematically carried out outside the framework of the legal approach.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tabita Denes Febrian , Catharina Dewi Wulansari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
TRANSFORMATION OF SOCIAL CONTROL RELATED TO THE SHIFT FROM DIRECT INTERACTION TO LAW ENFORCEMENT AUTOMATION IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ELECTRONIC TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT (ETLE)
This study analyzes the legal sociology implications of the implementation of the ETLE system in Indonesia, which represents a radical shift in social control mechanisms from personal interaction to automation. The main issue that arises is the tension between the system's goal of achieving zero tolerance transparency and the social reality that creates resistance and uncertainty of accountability between vehicle owners and drivers. The urgency of this research lies in evaluating the effectiveness of ETLE in transforming traffic law enforcement, analyzing the impact of changes in social control on perceptions of justice and public trust, and examining the role of legal culture and social structure in the acceptance of the ETLE system. This research employs a normative legal method with legislative, case, and conceptual approaches. Secondary data were collected through literature review of primary legal sources such as the Traffic Law (UU LLAJ) and Police Regulation No. 2 of 2025, as well as secondary legal materials. The data were then analyzed qualitatively. The findings indicate that ETLE effectively reduces corruption and enhances certainty of enforcement at the operational level. However, the automation of social control undermines procedural justice due to ambiguities in identifying legal subjects and shifts the burden of evidence. This leads to the manifestation of entrenched negotiative legal culture as both active and passive resistance, signaling that the legal legitimacy built by technology has not been fully accepted. Therefore, the enforcement of ETLE must be complemented by structural improvements in population data and the enhancement of fair clarification channels to foster long-term normative compliance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lia Christine, Achmad Benyamin Daniel, Catharina Dewi Wulansari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PROMOTION STRATEGY AND WORD OF MOUTH ON PURCHASE DECISIONS WITH BRAND AWARENESS AS A MODERATING VARIABLE ON BEZZIE MINI SOCCER
This study aims to analyze the influence of promotional strategies and word of mouth on purchase decisions, with brand awareness as a moderating variable at Bezzie Mini Soccer. Competition in the sports industry, particularly in mini soccer field rentals, is becoming increasingly intense, requiring effective marketing strategies to sustain and enhance consumer purchasing decisions. The research adopts a quantitative approach through a survey method involving 85 respondents who have previously used Bezzie Mini Soccer's services. The data analysis technique employed is Structural Equation Modeling – Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS). The results indicate that both promotional strategies and word of mouth have a positive and significant effect on purchase decisions. Brand awareness also significantly influences purchase decisions and moderates the relationship between promotional strategies and word of mouth with purchase decisions. These findings highlight the importance of consistent promotion, positive recommendations, and strong brand awareness in shaping consumer purchasing behavior.
Copyright (c) 2026 Al Hilal Akbar Ferdynanda, Endang Sulistya Rini, Syahyunan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE INFLUENCE OF JOB TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT HUMAN RESOURCES (HR) ON PERFORMANCE EMPLOYEES IN THE DISASTER MANAGEMENT AGENCY NORTH LABUHAN BATU REGENCY AREA
This study aims to determine whether job training and human resource development (HRD) have an impact on employee performance at the Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD) of North Labuhan Batu Regency. This study uses primary data by distributing questionnaires to all employees. The sampling technique uses the SPSS program. The population used is 66 respondents where the entire population is sampled. The techniques used in this study use data quality tests, classical assumption tests, multiple linear analysis tests and hypothesis tests. The results obtained are job training has a positive and significant effect on employee performance at the Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD) of North Labuhan Batu Regency and Human resource development (HRD) has a positive and significant effect on employee performance at the Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD) of North Labuhan Batu Regency, as well as job training and human resource development (HRD) simultaneously have a positive and significant effect on employee performance at the Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD) of North Labuhan Batu Regency.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sapta Surya Lesmana, Sri Gustina Pane, Nur Augus Fahmi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
COMPARATIVE REGULATION OF “INADMISSIBLE DECISIONS” IN CRIMINAL PROCEDURE LAW BETWEEN INDONESIA AND GERMANY
This article examines the comparative regulation of “inadmissible decisions” in criminal procedure law between Indonesia and Germany. Comparative law is used as an analytical approach to identify similarities and differences between the two legal systems, aiming to formulate clearer and more systematic procedural norms. Both countries belong to the civil law tradition, which emphasizes codification and legal certainty. Germany recognizes two key mechanisms related to inadmissible decisions, namely Verfahrenshindernis (procedural obstacles) and Unzulässige Anklage (inadmissible indictment). These mechanisms serve as legal filters to ensure procedural compliance and the protection of defendants’ rights before the main trial begins. This study concludes that Germany’s systematic procedural framework offers a valuable model for reformulating the normative and procedural basis of inadmissible decisions in Indonesia.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bayu Akbar Wicaksono, Milda Istiqomah, Rika Kurniaty https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE LEGITIMACY OF THE REGISTERED MAIL COURT SUMMON AND ITS CHALLENGES TO THE PRINCIPLE OF CONTANTE JUSTITIE IN THE SUNGAI PENUH RELIGIOUS COURT
Summoning hearings by registered mail is a new instrument in the e-Court system designed to strengthen the principle of contante justitie as a fundamental principle of simple, fast, and low-cost justice. This study aims to analyze the basis of the legitimacy of summoning a trial through a registered letter according to positive law and examine the challenges of its implementation in practice in the Sungai Penuh Religious Court. Using a socio-legal approach, this study integrates normative analysis of PERMA Number 7 of 2022, SEMA Number 1 of 2023, and HIR/RBg provisions with empirical findings obtained through observation and interviews. The results of the study show that although normatively recorded letters have formal legitimacy as a valid and appropriate summons, their effectiveness in the field has not fully supported the fulfillment of the principle of contante justitie. Various obstacles are still found, including delays in delivery, untimely receipts, high return rates, low understanding of postal officers on procedural legal procedures, and the defendant's attendance rate, which is only in the range of 35-36 percent. This situation causes a distortion between normative and functional legitimacy in the practice of summoning hearings. This research highlights the importance of reinforcement of operational standards, improvement of the capability of PT Pos Indonesia officers, and reconstruction of legally feasible standards in the form of electronic summons for the fulfillment of the principle of continual justice in the enactment of modern justice.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rizqi Aulia Muslim, Abdul Rachmad Budiono, Mohammad Hamidi Masykur https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EVALUATING THE ROLE OF RELATIVE COMPETENCE IN LIMITING JUSTICE ACCESSIBILITY BEFORE ADMINISTRATIVE COURTS.
The Administrative Court Procedure Law, as set out in Law Number 5 of 1986 and amended by Law Number 51 of 2009, aims to balance the inherently “unequal positions of claimants and government defendants”. Yet Indonesia’s extensive geography and shifting authority following the Job Creation Law have effectively centralized challenges to central government administrative decisions in Jakarta. Although the Administrative Court adheres to the actor sequitur forum rei principle, Article 54(4) provides for exceptions through a open legal policy by making “Peraturan Pemerintah” that has never been issued. This regulatory vacuum undermines access to justice, as claimants face strict filing deadlines, mandatory administrative effort, and significant geographical barriers. The absence of the mandated regulation reveals a broader disharmony in the legal framework and suggests governmental reluctance to establish venue rules that would facilitate citizen access to judicial review. Critical analysis with other jurisdictions demonstrates that relative competence rules can be structured to account for the nature of governmental acts, the extent of public harm, and the imperative of ensuring meaningful access to justice.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fery Rochmad Ramadhan, Tunggul Anshari Setia Negara, Shinta Hadiyantina https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
LEGAL PROTECTION FOR CHILDREN UNDER 14 (FOURTEEN) YEARS OLD AGAINST VIOLENCE OFFENDER (ANALYSIS OF GARUT DISTRICT COURT DECISION NUMBER 1/PID.SUS-ANAK/2024/PN GRT)
Garut District Court issued decision number 1/Pid.Sus-Anak/2024/PN Grt involving Akbar Rozak Alias Akbar who committed violence against the victim Agum Gumelar (deceased) until he died because he was annoyed by the victim who hit him hard while playing volleyball. The crime was committed by slashing 1 (one) cutter knife blade towards the victim's neck and right wrist and the victim was carried away by the Cimanuk River current. For his actions, the Panel of Judges imposed a correctional sanction for 1 (one) year at the Griya Bina Karsa Social Service Center-West Java Provincial Social Service in Cileungsi and participated in job training for 2 (two) months. This study aims to analyze the legal considerations (ratio decidendi) that have been used by the Panel of Judges in the decision of case number 1/Pid.Sus-Anak/2024/PN Grt and analyze the value of legal certainty and benefits for child perpetrators regarding the application of the law carried out by the Panel of Judges in the decision of case number 1/Pid.Sus-Anak/2024/PN Grt. The method used is normative juridical research with a case approach. The results of the study show that the Judge's considerations in decision number 1/Pid.Sus-Anak/2024/PN Grt which imposed sanctions on children were based on the principles of criminal law for children which are different from those for adults. The main focus is the best interest of the child, rehabilitation, and social reintegration. Several important elements in the legal considerations by the Judge consist of consideration of the principles of child protection, the age and maturity factors of the child, the severity of the violent crime committed, the child's attitude in court, recommendations from the Correctional Center, consideration of the type of sanctions, and the implementation of restorative justice. In decision number 1/Pid.Sus-Anak/2024/PN Grt in which the Panel of Judges imposed sanctions against the child, in fact the Panel of Judges did not explain the reasons for imposing other sanctions in the form of 2 months of job training. In fact, Akbar Rozak's child can only be subject to sanctions because he is not yet 14 years old. In addition, job training is one of the main types of punishment for children. So by simultaneously imposing sanctions in the form of action and criminal action against Akbar Rozak's child, it creates legal uncertainty, but on the other hand, imposing these sanctions can provide legal benefits for the child who committed the crime.
Copyright (c) 2025 Regina Monica Andriani, Harun Al Rasyid, I Nyoman Nurjaya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
IMPLEMENTATION GUARANTEE HEALTH FOR OFFICER AD HOC IN IMPLEMENTATION SIMULTANEOUS GENERAL ELECTIONS REVIEWED FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF SOCIOLOGY OF LAW
Indonesia holds a democratic celebration, namely general elections, every four years. Indonesia held its first simultaneous general elections in 2019. The 2019 Simultaneous General Elections apparently had an impact. health to the ad hoc committee and supervisors assigned to the Simultaneous General Election, as many as 840 member KPPS die world And 11,239 member KPPS experiencing pain. Many member KPPS Which die world due to height burden Work During the 2019 Simultaneous General Elections, excessive working hours resulted in mass fatigue, leading to unavoidable health impacts, including illness and even death. Legislation governing elections and regional elections currently does not regulate health insurance for ad hoc committee members and supervisors. The election organizers have proposed health insurance for ad hoc committee members and supervisors, but it has not yet been approved. Currently, the Ministry of Finance issued Letter No. S-647/MK.02/2022, dated August 5, 2022, concerning Other Input Cost Units (SBML) for General Election Stages. And Stages Election, However Letter Ministry Finance Law Number S-647/MK.02/2022 focuses solely on occupational accident insurance, while occupational accident insurance regulates a different subject than health insurance. This study aims to propose a concept regarding health insurance for the committee and supervisors of the 2024 simultaneous general and regional head elections, supported by a normative legal research method with a sociological approach.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ariel Patrick Raphello, Catharina Dewi Wulansari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE PROBLEM OF MAXIMUM IMPRISONMENT TERMS FOR JUVENILES UNDER THE JUVENILE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM ACT: A CASE ANALYSIS OF CONCURRENCE OF OFFENSES
The maximum imprisonment term of ten years for juveniles under Law Number 11 of 2012 on the Juvenile Criminal Justice System (UU SPPA) presents a serious dilemma when applied to cases with aggravating circumstances, such as recidivism or concurrence of offenses. Judicial practice has shown deviations from this provision, one of which is reflected in the Penajam District Court Decision Number X/Pid.Sus-Anak/2024/PN Pnj, which sentenced a juvenile offender to twenty years of imprisonment for premeditated murder and aggravated theft, where trial findings also revealed postmortem sexual assault on the victim’s body. This decision sparked normative debates on whether the judge had exceeded the statutory maximum penalty for juveniles as stipulated by law, or instead fulfilled the demand for substantive justice. The complexity of this issue becomes more pronounced in the context of globalization, where today’s juveniles experience accelerated cognitive and emotional maturity due to extensive exposure to technology and global interaction—conditions that differ significantly from those in 1989, when the Convention on the Rights of the Child set the maximum age limit for juveniles at eighteen years. Employing a normative-juridical method through statutory and case study approaches, this research analyzes the normative conflict between the UU SPPA and judicial practice, and identifies a legal vacuum that requires legislative reconstruction, particularly in formulating clearer sentencing guidelines for juveniles in cases involving aggravating circumstances.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bodro Aji Negoro, Setiawan Noerdajasakti, Abdul Madjid https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
LEGAL ACCOUNTABILITY OF THE OFFICIAL MAKING LAND DEEDS IN UNAUTHORIZED LAND RIGHTS TRANSFERS: A CASE STUDY OF SHM 24451
This study aims to examine the legal accountability of the Land Deed Official (PPAT) in unauthorized land rights transfers in the case study of SHM 24451. In their function as a public authority, the PPAT, creates authentic deeds, particularly deeds of land rights transfer, which serve as evidence proving that a legal act of rights transfer has occurred lawfully and provides legal certainty. This research is normative juridical legal research using doctrinal, conceptual, and case approaches. A descriptive method is used to analyze data based on the theory of authentic deeds and the theory of official accountability. The problem arises when, during the deed-making process, there is suspicion of non-compliance with formal and material requirements, thus making the PPAT, as a public official, accountable for the legal acts performed. The results indicate that rights transfers that do not meet formal and material requirements can be subject to administrative, civil, and criminal liabilities. This causes legal violations and harms the community. These findings emphasize the importance of compliance with professional ethics, legal principles during the execution of tasks, authority as a PPAT, as well as maintaining the integrity of the profession, institution, and public trust.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fanny Fernian Yahya Artikasari, Isharyanto, Rahayu Subekti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
FORMS OF JUSTICE AND CRIMINAL LEGAL PROTECTION FOR CHILDREN THROUGH DIVERSION IN THE FUTURE
Children are a gift from God Almighty, potentially as the next generation to continue the ideals of the struggle of the Indonesian nation, so that they have the right to survive, grow and develop. For this reason, children are considered to need to be given physical and spiritual protection, because every child who is in conflict with the law is always sentenced to imprisonment, even though imprisonment has not gained the trust of the community, thus causing problems. The background underlying this writing is the application of diversion in resolving cases involving children as perpetrators of criminal acts who are sentenced to more than 7 years. Concretely, the problem raised in this writing is how the form of child justice protection through diversion and how the legal regulations on diversion in Indonesia are just. This writing uses a normative research method with a statute approach. Through analysis with this method, it can be seen that the provisions of diversion which are legally regulated in the Republic of Indonesia Law Number 11 of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Justice System have been able to be carried out starting from the investigation stage and the results of the diversion agreement are issued in the form of a Court Decision, and there is an expansion of several articles in the Republic of Indonesia Law Number 11 of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Justice System which is further regulated in the Regulation of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia Number 4 of 2014 concerning Guidelines for the Implementation of Diversion in the Juvenile Criminal Justice System. However, in the continuation regulated by Perma Number 4 of 2004, it does not explicitly regulate the maximum criminal limit for juvenile criminals set above 7 (seven) years
Copyright (c) 2025 darwanto Darwanto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
LEGAL REVIEW OF THE ORIGIN OF CHILDREN FROM UNREGISTERED MARRIAGES (Study of Decision No. 483/Pdt.P/2023/PA.Krs)
The three objectives of this study are to: (1) ascertain the parentage of children in unregistered marriages; (2) ascertain the legal ramifications if children in a marriage are not registered under Indonesian law; and (3) ascertain the judge's legal considerations in decision Number 483/Pdt.P/2023/PA.Krs. Empirical and normative legal research are the types of research used in this study. The source and secondary legal materials employed in the data analysis were literary techniques, which were then examined using qualitative approaches. The study's findings indicate that the legal framework dictating how the parentage of children born to unregistered marriages is determined is routinely reviewed. This study makes reference to the laws governing marriage, No. 1 of 1974, and population management, No. 23 of 2006. Marriages that are both registered and unregistered are still regarded as legitimate but are subject to legal repercussions because the unregistered marriage. Marriages that aren't formally recorded with the Civil Registry office. Marriages that are not officially recognized by the Civil Registry Office have an effect on the children as well as the husband and wife legally.
Copyright (c) 2025 Khairan Nisa Mendrofa, Heriyanti, Elvira Fitriyani Pakpahan, Kartina Pakpahan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
LEGAL ANALYSIS OF THE RESOLUTION OF THE PEACE AGREEMENT IN THE PKPU AND BANKRUPTCY CASE OF SRITEX
PT Sri Rejeki Isman Tbk (Sritex) entered a suspension of debt payment obligations (PKPU) in May 2021 with liabilities of approximately IDR 12.9 trillion and obtained a court-approved settlement (homologation) in January 2022. However, the company failed to fulfill its post-homologation obligations, leading the Semarang Commercial Court to revoke the homologation and declare Sritex bankrupt in October 2024, a decision that subsequently became final and binding after the Supreme Court rejected the cassation appeal. The bankruptcy affected the administration of assets by the curator, the rights of creditors and subsidiaries, and raised legal issues concerning the validity of the homologation revocation, the protection of the parties, and the application of the principles of good faith and proportionality. The objectives of this research are, first, to examine the legal consequences of the revocation of the settlement agreement in the PKPU and bankruptcy proceedings of PT Sri Rejeki Isman Tbk (Sritex); and second, to analyze and determine the legal implications of Decision No. 12/Pdt.Sus.PKPU/2021/PN.Smg in conjunction with Supreme Court Decision No. 556 K/Pdt.Sus-Pailit/2024, Decision No. 2/Pdt.Sus-Homologasi/2024/PN Niaga Smg in conjunction with Supreme Court Decision No. 1345 K/Pdt.Sus-Pailit/2024, for Sritex’s creditors. This study employs normative legal research. The findings indicate that the revocation of a settlement agreement (homologation) within the PKPU and bankruptcy mechanism constitutes a legal instrument to protect creditors when the debtor fails to perform its obligations, as regulated under Law Number 37 of 2004, which allows the debtor to be directly declared bankrupt. In the case of PT Sri Rejeki Isman Tbk (Sritex), the revocation of homologation signifies a shift from debt restructuring to bankruptcy in the collective interest of creditors, in line with Thomas H. Jackson’s Creditor Protection Theory and John Rawls’s principles of justice and proportionality. From the perspective of law and economics and the values of Pancasila, this measure functions as a corrective mechanism to prevent inefficiency and uncertainty, while ensuring a fair, proportionate, and sustainable distribution of assets in accordance with the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia.
Copyright (c) 2026 Heru Herdian Herawan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PREVENTING MONEY LAUNDERING THROUGH ILLICIT ENRICHMENT POLICY REGULATORY: AN INDONESIA-MALAYSIA COMPARISON
This research explores the urgency of regulating illicit enrichment within Indonesia’s Money Laundering Law and identifies the ideal evidentiary mechanism to support its enforcement through a comparative analysis with Malaysia. Despite Indonesia’s ratification of the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC), the absence of explicit provisions on illicit enrichment weakens the country’s capacity to address disproportionate wealth among public officials. Law enforcement remains dependent on proving predicate offenses, which limits asset recovery and the deterrent effect of anti-money laundering efforts. Conversely, Malaysia, through the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission Act (MACC Act) 2009, has adopted a more progressive framework that integrates asset declaration, verification of wealth sources, and investigative authority, even without directly criminalizing illicit enrichment. Using a normative juridical approach combined with comparative and case analysis, this research finds that Indonesia requires a hybrid evidentiary model integrating the principles of legal certainty and responsive law. Such a system would establish clear statutory standards, an asset forfeiture framework, and adaptive mechanisms that enhance transparency, public participation, and accountability. Strengthening Indonesia’s anti-money laundering regime through the integration of illicit enrichment provisions would not only ensure early detection of unexplained wealth but also advance asset recovery and institutional integrity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Arum Roselinda, Yuliati, I Nyoman Nurjaya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE INFLUENCE OF AI IMPLEMENTATION IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PUBLIC SERVICE DELIVERY IN INDONESIA
The rapid development of technology has brought significant changes in various aspects of life, including governance. One of the innovations that has been widely adopted is Artificial Intelligence (AI), which plays a crucial role in enhancing the efficiency, effectiveness, and quality of public services. The Indonesian government itself has made efforts to utilize this technology through the Electronic-Based Government System (SPBE) policy, which is regulated in Presidential Decree No. 95 of 2018. The implementation of AI in the public sector is expected to support the vision of “Golden Indonesia 2045” by creating a more adaptive, transparent, and accountable bureaucracy. However, the implementation of AI in government is not without challenges, such as bureaucratic complexity, limited digital infrastructure, and low levels of technological literacy among state officials. Therefore, a comprehensive and sustainable strategy is needed, including the development of human resource competencies and the application of ethical policies aligned with the values of Pancasila and the AI principles agreed upon in the G20 forum. This study aims to analyze the impact of AI implementation in local government information systems on the effectiveness of public service delivery in Indonesia. Additionally, this research also explores the extent to which AI implementation can drive organizational development in government agencies with complex hierarchical structures. The findings of this study are expected to provide both theoretical and practical contributions to strengthening technology-based governance in Indonesia.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dhea Revina Shabila, Joni Pratikno, Abdul Wahid, Ariani, Tetra Hidayati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EFFECTIVENESS OF THE EARLY CASE DETECTION SYSTEM (SDDP) IN PREVENTING DISPARITY IN DECISIONS AND SUPPORTING THE PRINCIPLE OF JUDICIAL TRILOGY IN THE BALIGE DISTRICT COURT
This study analyzes the effectiveness of the Early Case Detection System (SDDP) integrated into the Case Tracking Information System (SIPP) as an instrument to prevent disparity in decisions in civil cases in the general court environment. The focus of the study is directed at the implementation of SDDP at the Balige District Court as a representation of the implementation of electronic court technology ( e-court ) in the case handling process. This study uses a juridical-empirical method with a sociological approach to examine the relationship between the electronic court system and the objectives of the court in the Trilogy of Justice: simple, fast, and low cost. The research results indicate that the SDDP has not been effective. This is due to the absence of regulations mandating its use, low technical understanding among judicial officials, and the suboptimal quality of data in the SIPP, which hinders the ability to detect cases with similar subjects, objects, and legal relationships. This study concludes that the SDDP has significant potential to increase legal certainty and prevent conflicting decisions, but regulatory improvements, technical competency, and system updates are needed to achieve maximum effectiveness.
Copyright (c) 2025 Pearl Princila Br. Manurung, Rachmi Sulistyarini, Hamidi Masykur https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EXCESSIVE DEBT COLLECTION BY CESSIONARIES IN ISLAMIC FINANCE DISPUTES: SUBSTANTIVE JUSTICE AND SHARIA ECONOMIC LAW ANALYSIS
The assignment of receivables (Cessie) acts as a strategic mechanism for Islamic Financial Institutions (IFIs) to manage Non-Performing Financing (NPF) and sustain liquidity. However, a significant juridical anomaly has emerged in Indonesia where the third-party assignee (Cessionary), often an unregulated individual investor, collects debts from the debtor (Cessus) at a value significantly exceeding the nominal outstanding value stated in the Cessie deed (over-collecting). This practice frequently involves capitalizing fines and imposing unilateral fees, thereby violating Sharia principles. This research rigorously analyzes the juridical validity of such excessive collection practices from the dual perspectives of Substantive Justice and Sharia Economic Law. Employing a normative legal research method with statute, conceptual, comparative, and case approaches, this study examines the stark disparity in religious court decisions and compares regulations across jurisdictions, including Indonesia, Malaysia, Kuwait, and Egypt. The findings reveal that over-collecting fundamentally violates the civil law principle of Nemo Plus Juris Ad Alium Transferre Potest Quam Ipse Habet and the Sharia prohibition of Riba (usury) and Zhulm (oppression). Through the lens of John Rawls’ theory, it breaches the Difference Principle by exacerbating the plight of the debtor as the least advantaged party. Consequently, such actions are legally void. The study recommends a regulatory formulation through the Financial Services Authority (OJK) by establishing a specific "Capping Rule" on collection rights and urges the issuance of a specific DSN-MUI Fatwa to regulate Sharia-compliant Cessie..
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Rakhmat Alam, M. Hamidi Masykur, Nur Chanifah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
IMPLEMENTATION OF IDLE ASSET GOVERNANCE POLICY AND ITS IMPLICATIONS ON REGIONAL ASSET OPTIMIZATION IN BANYUWANGI REGENCY
Idle asset management is a crucial issue in regional governance because it impacts the optimization of development resources. In Banyuwangi Regency, despite the availability of a regulatory framework for regional asset management, idle asset utilization has not been optimal. This study aims to analyze the implementation of idle asset management policies in Banyuwangi Regency, focusing on the management structure, implementation communication, and implementing agents. This study employed a descriptive qualitative approach. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and documentation studies at the Regional Financial and Asset Management Agency (BPKAD) and related Regional Apparatus Organizations. Informants were selected purposively, and data analysis was conducted interactively, maintaining data validity through triangulation. The results indicate that idle asset management in Banyuwangi Regency is still oriented towards administrative compliance, implementation communication is ineffective and ineffective, and the capacity and initiative of implementing agents are still limited. These conditions result in idle asset utilization not being optimally integrated with regional development. This study emphasizes the need for strengthening the management structure, collaborative policy communication, and increasing the capacity of implementing agents to optimize idle asset management in Banyuwangi Regency.
Copyright (c) 2026 Qurya Adjeng Pitaloca, Hary Priyanto, Erna Agustina https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
FORMULATION OF CRIMINAL LAW POLICY REGARDING NIHIL VERDICTS IN INDONESIAN CRIMINAL COURTS
The verdict of acquittal in the application of law enforcement still has problems, namely the existence of a conflict of norms or a regulatory gap, whereby Article 193 of the Criminal Procedure Code "orders" judges to impose a sentence if the defendant is proven guilty. However, Article 67 of the Criminal Code, which refers to the types of basic penalties in Article 10 of the Criminal Code, "prohibits" the imposition of penalties if the defendant has already been sentenced to death or life imprisonment. This conflict of norms or regulatory gap creates a dilemma for judges in enforcing the law. This research is a normative type of research , using a statute approach, a conceptual approach, and a case approach, as well as primary, secondary, and tertiary law, and a prescriptive analysis method. This study discusses two main issues, namely the Regulation of Nil Verdicts in Indonesian Criminal Procedure Law and the Ideal Regulation Related to the Concept of Nil Verdicts in Indonesian Criminal Procedure Law in the Future.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hensi Septia Utami, Nurini Aprilianda, Faizin Sulistio https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
TREATMENT OF ELECTRONIC EVIDENCE AFTER A JUDGE'S DECISION WHICH HAS PERMANENT LEGAL FORCE IN CRIMINAL CASES
Advances in information and communication technology have significantly influenced legal developments, particularly in the area of ​​evidence in criminal justice processes. The use of electronic evidence as evidence in various criminal cases poses challenges related to the clarity and adequacy of the legal framework in Indonesia. This study aims to examine the extent to which Indonesian law accommodates the existence of electronic evidence and how judges determine its legal status and treatment after a criminal verdict has become final and binding. The study focuses on the question of whether it is sufficient to seize electronic data together with the electronic device or whether a normative separation between the physical device and the electronic data within it is necessary, as is the practice in the Netherlands and France. In this context, it is important to analyze whether existing legal provisions provide legal certainty and strike a balance between the interests of law enforcement and the protection of individuals' rights to personal data, information, and/or electronic documents contained in seized electronic devices. Through a normative juridical and comparative legal approach, this study finds that legal regulations in Indonesia do not specifically regulate the treatment of electronic data in court decisions. Therefore, regulatory reform is needed to ensure the protection of each individual's constitutional rights and strengthen the integrity of the evidentiary system in electronic-based criminal cases.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fanidia Tumanggor, Faizin Sulistio, Patricia Audrey https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
IMPLEMENTATION OF LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY OBJECTIONS TO SIMPLE LAWSUITS TO ACHIEVE JUSTICE
This study examines the implementation of legal remedies for objections in small claims lawsuits at the Manado District Court based on PERMA No. 2 of 2015 in conjunction with PERMA No. 4 of 2019. The problem formulations include: (1) how to apply objections in small claims lawsuits; and (2) what efforts are made to realize justice in this mechanism. The study uses a socio-legal/juridical sociological approach by combining analysis of written legal norms and empirical data through literature studies, decision analysis, and interviews with judges and judicial officials. The results of the study indicate that procedurally and structurally, the objection mechanism at the Manado District Court is basically in accordance with the provisions of PERMA, both regarding procedures and deadlines, so that the principles of simplicity, speed, and low cost are relatively achieved. However, the justice realized is more prominent in the procedural aspect than in the substantive, especially for parties who are not accompanied by legal counsel and have difficulty compiling a legal objection memorandum. The study concludes that the main challenge lies in the legal culture and capacity of the actors, so that it is necessary to increase socialization, legal literacy, legal assistance, and technical guidelines so that objections in small claims are more effective and just.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dian Novita, Yenny Eta Widyanti, I Made Sukadana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
LEGISLATION AND IMPLICATIONS OF ARTICLE 54 PARAGRAPH (2) OF THE KUHP CONCERNING THE LAW OF PARDON IN CRIMINAL PROVISION IN INDONESIA
Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code (KUHP) introduces the concept of rechterlijk pardon or judicial forgiveness in Article 54 paragraph (2). This provision grants judges discretionary authority to release perpetrators from criminal penalties by considering the severity of the act, the perpetrator's personal circumstances, or the circumstances after the crime, as long as they take into account a sense of justice and humanity. This article aims to analyze the legal ratio and practical implications of Article 54 paragraph (2) of the Criminal Code by reviewing the philosophical, sociological, and legal foundations of the birth of this norm. The research method used is normative juridical with a statutory, case, and comparative approach. The results of the study indicate that this provision is a correction to the overly rigid principle of legality while also opening up space for judges to balance legal certainty, justice, and expediency. The implication is that judges have broader discretion to uphold substantive justice, including integration with the values ​​of restorative justice. However, without clear technical guidelines, this provision has the potential to give rise to subjectivity and disparity in decisions. Therefore, the effectiveness of the application of Article 54 paragraph (2) of the Criminal Code is very dependent on the consistency of the judge's interpretation, the existence of implementing regulations, and adequate supervision.
Copyright (c) 2025 Debora Oktarina Sihombing, Yuliati, Bambang Sugiri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
REFORMULATION OF THE CONCEPT OF JUDICIAL ACTIVISM THROUGH LEGAL DISCOVERIES AND BREAKTHROUGHS AFTER THE NATIONAL CRIMINAL CODE AS AN EFFORT TO BALANCE THE PRINCIPLE OF LEGAL CERTAINTY AND SUBSTANTIVE JUSTICE
Certainty law as fundamental principles of the Indonesian state of law are often face tension with demands justice substantive in practice justice criminal law , especially in the middle dynamics social and developmental type crimes that are not fully accommodated by law positive . Condition the push emergence practice judicial activism as response on limitations of written norms , in particular through invention law ( rechtsvinding ) and breakthrough legal breakthrough . Although​ get legitimacy juridical through Constitution Power National Judiciary and Criminal Code, practice judicial activism Not yet accompanied by clear settings​ about its limitations and parameters , so that potential cause uncertainty law , inconsistency decision , and exceedance authority judicial . This article aim For analyze typology form judicial activism carried out by judges in practice justice Indonesian criminal law and formulate a reformulation model draft ideal judicial activism to balance principle certainty law and justice substantive in implementation of the National Criminal Code. Research This use method juridical normative with approach legislation and approaches conceptual , through analysis to regulation legislation , jurisprudence , and doctrine law . Research results show that judicial activism in practice justice criminal present in three typology main , namely through method interpretation law , construction law , and breakthroughs law that goes beyond normative limits . This article propose a reformulation model judicial activism based seven fundamental parameters that are hierarchical and cumulative . This model expected capable give corridor clear normative​ for judges to engage in judicial activism still measurable , accountable , and non- shift become arbitrariness judicial , at the same time ensure realization balance between certainty law and justice substantive in system justice Indonesian criminal law .
Copyright (c) 2026 Entang Nuryanto, Prija Djatmika, Abdul Madjid https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
LEGAL RECONSTRUCTION OF COPYRIGHT AS MARITAL PROPERTY IN INDONESIAN LAW
This study examines the reconstruction of copyright law as marital property within the Indonesian legal framework, focusing on the economic rights of works created during marriage. The research background stems from the complexity of the relationship between intellectual property rights and family law, where copyright often becomes a source of conflict in asset division during divorce. Employing a normative method with legislative, comparative, and conceptual approaches, this study compares regulations in Indonesia and the People's Republic of China. The findings indicate that Indonesia lacks specific rules on the division of economic copyright rights as marital property, whereas China has explicitly integrated them into the Civil Code. Reconstruction is proposed through harmonization of the Copyright Law and Marriage Law, differentiation between moral and economic rights, and the establishment of technical regulations to ensure legal certainty, justice, and protection of creators' rights. These findings contribute to the development of a more responsive national law towards intangible assets in family contexts.
Copyright (c) 2025 Piput Milandsari Milandsari, Yenny Eta Widyanti, Yuliati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE LEGAL STATUS OF ARTISTIC WORKS CREATED BY GENERATIVE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF INDONESIAN COPYRIGHT LAW
The development of Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) has produced new forms of artistic works that generate uncertainty within Indonesia’s copyright law regime. Law Number 28 of 2014 on Copyright continues to position humans as the sole legal subjects eligible to be recognized as authors, thereby rendering works created entirely by AI unable to satisfy the requirements of originality and human authorship. The disparity between technological advancements and existing legal norms has resulted in regulatory gaps, particularly concerning the legal status of copyright holders and the scope of legal protection for generative AI based artistic works. Through normative juridical research, this study examines the necessity of legal reconstruction to accommodate this phenomenon without disregarding the foundational principles of copyright protection. The findings indicate that human intellectual contribution remains the essential basis for recognizing artistic works assisted by generative AI, while current regulations have yet to provide adequate legal certainty. Therefore, regulatory reforms that are adaptive and humanistic are required to ensure that legal protection remains relevant and equitable in the era of generative AI development.
Copyright (c) 2025 Made Ardia, Yenny Eta Widyanti, Djumikasih https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
QUIET FIRING AND SILENT FIRING FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF INDONESIAN LABOR LAW
Quiet firing and silent firing are emerging phenomena in employment, arising alongside the transformation of industrial relations in the digital and platform economy era. Quiet firing refers to a company's strategy of encouraging employees to resign without formal termination, while silent firing occurs when employees are "quietly forced out" through the neglect of their roles or psychological pressure. This article analyzes these two phenomena within the context of Indonesian labor law, with a comparison to the labor law systems in Singapore and the United States. An interdisciplinary approach is employed to review the juridical, social, economic, and psychological aspects affecting workers. The analysis results indicate that the lack of explicit regulation regarding quiet firing and silent firing creates a legal vacuum that potentially violates the principle of labor protection as stated in Article 27 paragraph (2) and Article 28D of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia (UUD NRI 1945) and Law Number 13 of 2003 juncto Law Number 6 of 2023 concerning Job Creation. In the international context, ILO Convention No. 158 affirms that every termination of employment must have a valid reason and be carried out through due process. Therefore, this article recommends the establishment of new norms within national labor law to address these practices of concealed termination, as well as strengthening the mechanism for labor supervision based on social justice.
Study This study accountability criminal for someone who knows existence agreement wicked For do dangerous crimes​ security general However No report it to party authorized . Research This use method juridical normative with statute approach and conceptual approach, as well as referring to the Criminal Code and literature law related . The object of the research is the case of YD who heard plan burning House service Head of Prison However No report until the event occurred . The results of the research show that YD fulfills elements of Article 164 of the Criminal Code, namely know existence agreement evil , have time For prevent , but intentionally not​ to inform to police or victim. YD is also considered capable responsible answer in a way law Because No proven own disturbance psychological . Research conclusions This confirm that YD's actions fulfill element accountability criminal in form intention ( dolus eventualis ). Findings This expected can increase awareness public will obligation report agreement evil and become references for prosecutor in formulate charges in the case similar .
Copyright (c) 2025 Jonathan Christian, Catharina Dewi Wulansari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
COMMUNITY FLOOD DISASTER PREPAREDNESS POLICY; A STUDY IN THE SOBO RIVERBANK AREA, BANYUWANGI
Floods frequently occur along the Sobo Riverbanks in Banyuwangi District. These disasters are caused by vulnerable physical environmental conditions and human activities. Community preparedness is a crucial factor in mitigating the impact of flooding, but its implementation has not been optimal. This study aims to analyze community preparedness through a policy implementation perspective by examining implementing organizations, desired policies, target groups, and environmental factors. The study used a descriptive qualitative approach using interview, observation, and documentation techniques. The results indicate that the Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD) still plays a dominant role in the emergency response phase, preparedness policies are not yet fully operational, community preparedness is still reactive, and physical and socioeconomic environmental factors influence low preparedness. This study emphasizes the need for strengthening pre-disaster management, community empowerment, and integrated environmental management to improve flood preparedness.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fitriyani, Hary Priyanto, Niko Pahlevi Hentika https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CHINA'S BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE HEGEMONY STRATEGY IN BUILDING ALLIANCES IN INDO-PACIFIC
This study analyzes how China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is being used as a strategy to strengthen its hegemony in the Indo-Pacific region and challenge US dominance. Using descriptive qualitative methods that integrate literature analysis and case studies, the study explores the economic, political, and security impacts of the BRI in countries such as Indonesia, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and the Philippines. The findings suggest that the BRI not only enhances connectivity and economic growth through massive investments in infrastructure, but also Building strong political alliances that shift geopolitical power dynamics in the region. For example, the Jakarta-Bandung high-speed rail project in Indonesia and the Hambantota port in Sri Lanka illustrate how BRI investments can improve local infrastructure. However, increasing economic dependence on China raises concerns about debt sustainability and the potential loss of sovereignty. national interests, such as in Sri Lanka, where a port had to be leased to China due to debt repayment. Furthermore, the BRI has strengthened military and strategic cooperation between China and partner countries, as seen in the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), which also supports Pakistan's military modernization. The proposed strategic recommendations include enhancing transparency and governance in BRI projects to mitigate concerns about corruption and mismanagement, addressing debt sustainability through mechanisms such as debt restructuring and grants, and balancing economic interests with environmental and social sustainability through rigorous impact assessments. With the right approach, the BRI has the potential to continue playing a significant role in global development and creating new opportunities for partner countries, while supporting regional stability and prosperity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Martua Sitompul, Afrizal Hendra, Letjen Purn Dr. Wayan Midhio https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ASSESSING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION CURRICULUM IMPLEMENTATION IN PROMOTING PHYSICAL FITNESS IN SCHOOLS
The importance of physical education (PE) in fostering holistic development among students is widely recognized; however, the degree to which PE curricula are effectively implemented remains a critical concern in many educational systems. This study assesses the effectiveness of physical education curriculum implementation in promoting physical fitness in schools. Using a mixed-method approach, the research analyzes the relationship between curriculum design, teacher preparedness, instructional methods, and student fitness outcomes. Data were collected from 200 students and 25 PE teachers across government and private schools. The findings reveal that effective curriculum implementation characterized by structured lesson plans, adequate facilities, and trained teachers positively correlates with improved physical fitness levels among students. The study concludes that periodic curriculum evaluation, professional development for PE teachers, and enhanced infrastructure are essential for maximizing the benefits of physical education in school environments.
Copyright (c) 2025 Junaid Hamid Bhat, Dr Vijay Kumar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE EFFECT OF TRAINING AND WORK MOTIVATION ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE WITH LEADER SUPPORT AS A MODERATING VARIABLE AT PANCA BUDI COLLEGE MEDAN
Achieving satisfactory performance requires professional skills, and to achieve them, several stages or conditions must be passed. Formal education is still inadequate to achieve professional skills. Therefore, employee capabilities must be empowered through training, education, and development. Assessments of high-achieving employees and awards for employee performance provide encouragement and encourage employees to continue their education to a higher level, and superiors provide reprimands if employees do not complete work on time. However, leadership support is not running well because not all employees are assessed according to their achievements and the lack of information to other employees results in some employees' work not being completed within the specified time. The purpose of this study is to determine and analyze the effect of training and work motivation partially on employee performance at Panca Budi Medan College. Knowing and analyzing the effect of leader support as a moderating variable can strengthen the influence of training and work motivation on employee performance at Panca Budi Medan College. Data collection in this study was carried out through a survey approach with a quantitative descriptive research type by distributing questionnaires to 46 people. The data analysis method used is multiple linear regression with data processing through SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science). The results of the study indicate that simultaneously training and work motivation have a positive and significant effect on the performance of employees at Panca Budi Medan College. Partially, training has a positive and significant effect on the performance of employees at Panca Budi Medan College. Partially, work motivation has a positive and significant effect on the performance of employees at Panca Budi Medan College. The results show that training is the dominant factor influencing employee performance. Leader support is not a moderating variable that strengthens the influence of training and work motivation on employee performance. The results of the determination coefficient (adjusted R square) indicate that the ability of training and work motivation to explain variations in employee performance is quite strong, while the rest is influenced by other variables outside the variables studied, such as work discipline and compensation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdi Setiawan, Prihatin Lumbanraja, Yeni Absah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CHANGES IN ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE AND WORK CULTURE AT THE OFFICE OF THE MINISTRY OF RELIGION OF ACEH JAYA REGENCY (Study on the Impact of Bureaucratic Reform Policies through Equalization of Positions)
Initial findings in the field show that there is resistance from some employees who feel that they have lost status or influence due to a change in position. Some employees also experience confusion about new roles and responsibilities in functional positions, which has an impact on decreased work motivation and organizational effectiveness. The purpose of this study is to determine the Impact of Bureaucratic Reform Policy Through Equalization of Positions with changes in organizational structure and work culture at the Office of the Ministry of Religion of Aceh Jaya Regency. The grand theory used is William N Dunn's theory of policy evaluation. The research method used is a qualitative research method based on the philosophy of postpositivism or interpretation. The focus of his research is Changes in Position Structure, Organizational Culture and Bureaucratic Reform Policy. Research results: Overall, the implementation of bureaucratic reform through equalization of positions at the Office of the Ministry of Religion of Aceh Jaya Regency has had an impact on the organizational structure and work culture. However, these changes are not fully effective because they are faced with a number of internal obstacles, such as employee unpreparedness, weak socialization, and not optimal support systems. Therefore, a more adaptive, participatory, and based on strengthening human resources is needed so that the goal of bureaucratic reform can really be realized at the regional level. The main novelty of this study lies in the comprehensive approach used, the local context raised, and the depth of analysis of the experience of employees as the main actors of bureaucratic reform. This dissertation makes an important contribution in bridging the gap between macro policy and the micro-realities of bureaucracy in the field.
Copyright (c) 2026 Idris Suteja, Syafei Ibrahim, Kridawati Sadhana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
INCREASING PURCHASE ACTION RATIO (PAR) THROUGH AN EFFECTIVE INSTAGRAM CAMPAIGN IN SELECTED ASIA COUNTRIES: A CASE STUDY OF GLOBAL MILLENNIAL MUN
The rapid development of digital marketing has transformed the way organizations engage with their audiences, particularly through the use of social media as a primary marketing communication channel. In the context of international marketing, campaign effectiveness is no longer assessed solely by exposure or engagement metrics, but by the ability to convert awareness into concrete actions. One key indicator of this effectiveness is the Purchase Action Ratio (PAR), which reflects the proportion of exposed audiences who proceed to take actual action. Global Millennial Model United Nations (GM MUN), an international education-based organization, faces a critical challenge in which high levels of international brand awareness generated through Instagram are not accompanied by proportional international participation. This study aims to analyze the factors contributing to the low conversion of international audience awareness into registration actions at GM MUN and to evaluate the effectiveness of its international marketing strategy implemented through Instagram campaigns. The research adopts a mixed methods approach with a primary qualitative orientation, enabling both the identification of performance patterns and an in-depth understanding of audience perceptions and decision-making processes. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with internal and external stakeholders, observation of GM MUN’s Instagram activities, and analysis of supporting campaign and registration documents. The analysis is guided by the integration of the Marketing 5.0 framework, marketing communication, social media marketing, and the 5A customer journey model (Aware, Appeal, Ask, Act, Advocate). The findings indicate that GM MUN has successfully generated strong international awareness and initial interest, particularly at the Aware and Appeal stages. However, the marketing strategy remains predominantly awareness-driven and insufficiently optimized to encourage progression toward the Ask and Act stages. Key conversion barriers include unclear international segmentation that relies heavily on geographic criteria, weak institutional credibility signaling, limited persuasive messaging and structured calls to action, and suboptimal management of later stages of the customer journey. This study concludes that GM MUN’s low PAR is not a result of insufficient visibility, but rather a misalignment between awareness-building efforts and conversion-oriented strategies. Accordingly, the study recommends a strategic shift toward conversion-focused international marketing through role-based segmentation refinement, strengthened institutional credibility, improved persuasive communication, and optimized international customer journey management. The findings are expected to provide practical insights for international event and education organizers, while contributing to academic discussions on digital marketing effectiveness in cross-border contexts.
Copyright (c) 2026 Febrian Ahmad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE ROLE OF TRAINING AND CERTIFICATION IN IMPROVING THE COMPETENCE OF ISLAMIC RELIGIOUS TEACHERS
This research aims to analyze the role of training and certification in improving the competence of Islamic teachers, both from pedagogic, professional, and work attitude aspects. The research uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive method. Data was collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and documentation of Islamic teachers who have participated in training and certification under the guidance of the Ministry of Religion. The results of the study show that training plays an important role in improving teachers' ability to design learning, master teaching materials, and utilize digital technology in the teaching and learning process. Meanwhile, certification provides professional recognition that encourages a teacher's motivation, responsibility, and commitment to their profession. The two programs complement each other in forming Islamic teachers who are competent and adaptive to educational changes. However, several obstacles were found such as time limitations, inequality of access to training, and lack of post-training assistance. Therefore, a training and certification policy that is sustainable, needs-based, and oriented towards improving the quality of learning is needed.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nurhaizan Sembiring https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE POSITION OF AN APOSTASY WIFE AS A CAUSE FOR THE DISSOLUTION OF A MARRIAGE IN THE COMPILATION OF ISLAMIC LAW AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR POST-DIVORCE RIGHTS
Conversion to religion (apostasy) in Islamic marriage is a complex phenomenon that gives rise to debate between legal norms and social reality. In the context of Indonesian national law, apostasy has not been explicitly regulated in Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage. This legal gap is filled by the Compilation of Islamic Law (KHI), which, in Article 116 letter (h), stipulates that conversion to religion or apostasy can be grounds for divorce. However, in religious court practice, there is a disparity in decisions between courts that interpret apostasy as grounds for fasakh (annulment) and those that interpret it as grounds for divorce (talaq). This disparity has legal implications for women's rights after divorce, particularly regarding the right to maintenance during the iddah period, mut'ah, maskan, and kiswah. This study aims to explain the position of a wife who apostatizes as a cause of marital dissolution from the perspective of the Compilation of Islamic Law (KHI) and analyze its legal consequences for post-divorce rights. The method used is normative legal research with a statutory, conceptual, and analytical approach. The results of the study indicate that a wife who apostatizes causes the marriage contract to be annulled (fasakh), but in practice, religious courts often still process it through the divorce mechanism (divorce talak) to ensure orderly legal administration. This disparity impacts the different treatment of the rights of apostate wives. From the perspective of legal utility, judges should consider the value of substantive justice and protection for women, even if the woman concerned has left Islam.
Copyright (c) 2025 Alhadi Saputra, Hanif Nur Widhiyanti, Nur Chanifah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF RELIGIOUS REASON AND POSITIVE LAW IN MARRIAGE DISPENSATION DECISION
This study aims to uncover how religious interpretation and legal practice influence each other and to what extent this influence hinders or encourages the protection of children's and women's rights. This study utilizes library research focused on integrative literature analysis by combining various theories. The results suggest that the normalization of marriage dispensation reveals a fundamental paradox between religious reasoning and positive law that fails to meet within the humanitarian horizon, where religion is trapped in a morality that justifies patriarchy and the law loses its critical power due to submission to social pressures and conservative interpretations. In this situation, judges, as dual interpreters, often mediate between faith and the constitution pragmatically, so that legal decisions turn into pseudo-moral legitimations that actually negate the principle of child protection. This phenomenon not only marks normative tensions but also demonstrates an epistemological crisis in which religion and law have both lost their prophetic function as liberating forces, and therefore demands a reconstruction of reason that places substantive justice and human dignity above texts, traditions, and the fear of sin.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ridwan Fariz Maulana, Rachmi Sulistyarini, Siti Rohmah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EVALUATION OF POLICY AND RESOLUTION STRATEGIES IN THE BANGKA ISLANDS
Illegal tin mining activities in the Bangka Islands have shifted from merely an economic or environmental issue to a serious challenge for Indonesia’s national security, triggering both horizontal and vertical social conflicts that threaten regional stability. This study aims to: (1) analyze the authority of local governments in addressing illegal mining as a form of policy evaluation; (2) identify the implications of the conflicts and the resolution efforts undertaken; and (3) evaluate these measures to support national security. Using an Exploratory Descriptive Qualitative approach, data were collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and document studies in key illegal mining areas in Bangka Regency and Central Bangka Regency. The conflict resolution framework (Susskind, 1994) and the concept of National Security (Slawotsky, 2024) serve as analytical lenses to bridge the gap between the normative framework of Law Number 7 of 2012 on Social Conflict Management and field realities. The expected outcome is the formulation of conflict resolution strategies that are applicable, transparent, participatory, and grounded in ecological justice in order to restore effective state control and strengthen national security stability.
Copyright (c) 2025 Septian Abdillah Harys https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
VALIDITY OF ELECTRONIC AGREEMENTS WITH DIGITAL SIGNATURES FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF INDONESIAN CIVIL LAW
This study analyzes the validity of electronic agreements with digital signatures from the perspective of Indonesian civil law, based on the Civil Code (KUHPerdata) and related regulations such as Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions (UU ITE) and Government Regulation Number 71 of 2019 concerning the Implementation of Electronic Systems and Transactions (PP PSTE). Using a normative legal research method with a statutory and conceptual approach, this study discusses the fulfillment of the valid requirements of an agreement according to Article 1320 of the Civil Code, namely agreement, capacity, certain things, and lawful cause, in an electronic context. Digital signatures, which utilize cryptography for authentication, integrity, and non-repudiation, are recognized as valid if they meet the requirements of Article 11 of the ITE Law, especially those certified by an Electronic Certification Provider. In addition, the evidentiary power of digital signatures as an extension of written evidence (Article 5 of the ITE Law) varies; certified signatures have a higher authentic value than uncertified ones. The conclusion states that electronic agreements are valid and have legal certainty, although there are limitations for certain formal documents, and recommends the use of certified signatures to reduce the risk of civil disputes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Naib https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
OPTIMIZING THE FINANCIAL DECISIONS OF FEMALE WORKERS IN LABOR-INTENSIVE INDUSTRIES: AN INTERVENTION BASED ON FRAMING EFFECTS AND MENTAL ACCOUNTING IN PENSION FUND PROGRAMS
Female workers in the manufacturing sector in Batam City often face challenges in financial planning, particularly regarding pension funds. Lack of knowledge and information about the importance of pension funds, coupled with limited awareness campaigns, result in many workers not participating in pension programs. Additionally, a work culture focused on short-term targets often leads female workers in this sector to view long-term financial planning, such as retirement, as less important. This study aims to investigate and analyze the partial and simultaneous effects of framing effect, mental accounting, and financial decisions on the effectiveness of pension funds among female workers in manufacturing companies in Batam City. This study employs causal associative research, and the research method used is quantitative. The population in this study consists of all female workers in manufacturing companies in Batam City, whose exact number is unknown. Four manufacturing companies were randomly selected, and 50 respondents were selected from each company. The sampling method used non-probability sampling with purposive sampling techniques, with several criteria including women aged 40-50 years with a minimum of 1 year of work experience and companies employing more than 250 workers. The sample size for this study was 200 respondents. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 25. The results of the study indicate that the framing effect partially influences the effectiveness of pension funds, mental accounting partially influences the effectiveness of pension funds, financial decisions partially influence the effectiveness of pension funds, and the framing effect, mental accounting, and financial decisions simultaneously influence the effectiveness of pension funds. The adjusted R-squared value of 0.728 can be referred to as the coefficient of determination, This means that 0.741 (74.1%) of the effectiveness of pension funds can be obtained and explained by the framing effect, mental accounting, and financial decisions, while the remaining 25.3% (100% - 74.1% = 25.3%) is explained by variables outside the model that were not studied.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mercy Reyne Marlina , Elly Rumengan, Basri, Faris Ramadhan, Etty Sri Wahyuni https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE ROLE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT IN GOOD AND JUST LAW ENFORCEMENT AS SEEN FROM THE ASPECTS OF LEGAL SOCIOLOGY
Law is a set of rules containing norms and sanctions designed to regulate human behavior, create public order, and ensure justice. In this context, law can be used as a social engineering tool to regulate societal behavior. Law enforcement plays a crucial role in enforcing the law.Law enforcement is the most important factor in law enforcement efforts, as they are authorized by statutory regulations to undertake law enforcement efforts or a series of activities. This study addresses the impact of poor integrity among law enforcement officers and how to improve their integrity. The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of law enforcement officers lacking integrity in law enforcement and to provide solutions related to efforts that can be made to improve the integrity of law enforcement officers.
Copyright (c) 2025 Simon Adhirasi, Catharina Dewi Wulansari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
UNILATERAL CANCELLATION OF SHARIA INSURANCE POLICIES: JUDICIAL ANALYSIS FROM MAQASHID SHARIA PERSPECTIVE
This research analyzes the judicial considerations in Court Decision Number 2030/Pdt.G/2024/PA.JS concerning unilateral cancellation of sharia insurance policies from a maqashid sharia perspective. The Islamic finance industry in Indonesia has experienced rapid growth, particularly in the sharia insurance sector. However, policy cancellation practices often create imbalances between insurance companies and policyholders. Article 251 of the Commercial Code (KUHD), which previously regulated unilateral cancellation rights, was revoked by Constitutional Court Decision Number 83/PUU-XXII/2024, creating a legal vacuum. Using a normative juridical approach with statute, case, and conceptual approaches, this study examines primary legal materials including legislation, court decisions, and DSN-MUI fatwas, as well as secondary materials from legal literature and journals. The research reveals that judicial considerations in the analyzed decision reflect efforts to harmonize positive law with maqashid sharia principles, emphasizing the importance of distinguishing between intentional and unintentional violations in accordance with Islamic justice principles. The study proposes a cancellation mechanism based on maqashid sharia incorporating violation classification, proportional sanctions, clarification opportunities, transparent procedures, and sharia-based alternative dispute resolution. This mechanism aims to realize the principles of hifzh al-mal (property protection), 'adl (justice), tawazun (balance), and maslahah 'ammah (general welfare) in sharia insurance practices
Copyright (c) 2025 Vidya Nurchaliza, Nur Chanifah, Siti Rohmah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE LEGAL STATUS OF WILL EXECUTORS IN DEEDS OF BEQUEST UNDER PMNA/KBPN NO. 3 OF 1997 AND ARTICLE 1813 OF THE CIVIL CODE
This research aims to analyze the legal status of the executor of a will (executeur testamentair) in the deed of gift by will (hibah karena wasiat) as regulated in Article 112 paragraph (1) a point 3 letter b of the Regulation of the State Minister for Agrarian Affairs/Head of the National Land Agency No. 3 of 1997 in relation to Article 1813 of the Indonesian Civil Code. The main issue lies in the normative conflict between the concept of a power of attorney, which terminates upon the death of the grantor, and the executor’s legal mandate, which remains valid after the testator’s death. This study employs a normative legal research method using statutory and conceptual approaches, grounded in the theories of legal certainty proposed by Gustav Radbruch, Van Apeldoorn, and Hans Kelsen. The findings indicate that the executor of a will has a distinct legal position from an ordinary agent, as their authority derives from a legal mandate rather than a contractual relationship. Therefore, the executor’s authority does not terminate upon the testator’s death, provided that it is carried out in accordance with the will and applicable law. Nevertheless, normative ambiguity persists, leading to interpretative discrepancies among notaries and land deed officials (PPAT). Regulatory clarification is required to strengthen the executor’s legal legitimacy and ensure the implementation of the testator’s final will in line with the principles of legal certainty and justice.
Copyright (c) 2025 Deas Oktaviara Habiansyah, Riana Susmayanti, Endang Sri Kawuryan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
LEGAL REVIEW OF PERSONAL DATA PROTECTION FOR CHILDREN IN THE DIGITAL SPACE AND THE RESPONSIBILITY OF SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORMS
The proliferation of social media and digital platforms has increased the risk of misuse of children's personal data in the digital space, making children vulnerable to cybercrimes such as cyberbullying and identity theft due to a lack of understanding of privacy. This legal review analyzes the international (UDHR Article 12 and CRC 1989) and national (1945 Constitution, Child Protection Law, ITE Law, and 2022 PDP Law) legal frameworks for protecting children's specific personal data. The study shows that although the PDP Law classifies children's data as specific and requires parental consent, its implementation is still hampered by a lack of derivative regulations and low digital literacy. Social media platforms, as PSEs, have preventive and curative responsibilities, reinforced by the 2025 TUNAS Government Regulation, which mandates content filtering and rapid reporting. This study recommends the issuance of derivative regulations, digital education, and multistakeholder collaboration to create a child-safe digital ecosystem.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nopit Ernasari, Fariz Rizqi Hasbi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
An Experimental Study on the Impact of Resistance and Plyometric Training Programs on Coordinative Abilities and Playing Performance of Cricket Players
The current study examines the effects of resistance and plyometric training programs on specific coordinative skills and cricket players' performance using an experimental research design. Modern cricket necessitates elevated levels of coordination, agility, power, and sport-specific skills, rendering scientifically structured training interventions imperative for performance improvement. To assess the efficacy of these training modalities, a sample of cricket players was randomly chosen and allocated into two experimental groups resistance training and plyometric training and a control group adhering to a standard training regimen. The training interventions were conducted over eight weeks, maintaining regulated frequency and intensity. Before and after the training period, standardized and reliable tests were used to measure selected coordinative skills like balance, agility, reaction time, and hand-eye coordination, as well as overall playing performance. Descriptive statistics and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) were two statistical methods used to look at the data that had been collected. The results showed that both experimental groups had much better coordination skills and playing performance than the control group. Additionally, plyometric training exhibited more pronounced effects on agility and explosive coordination, whereas resistance training had a greater impact on strength-related coordination and performance consistency. The study's results show that structured resistance and plyometric training programs can help cricket players improve their coordination and performance on the field. The study concludes that incorporating these training methods into standard cricket conditioning programs can substantially enhance athletic performance and competitive achievement.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mukhtar Ahmad Wani, Vikas Saxena https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0