International Journal of Educational Review, Law And Social Sciences (IJERLAS)
International Journal of Educational Review, Law, and Social Sciences (IJERLAS) is a peer-reviewed international journal that is accredited with Sinta 2 based on the Decree of the Director General of Research and Development No. 295/C/C3/KPT/2026 dated January 2, 2026, regarding the Accreditation Ranking of Scientific Journals for the 2nd Period of 2025. The journal is published six times a year and provides an academic platform for researchers, educators, practitioners, and policymakers to share original research and theoretical studies in the fields of education, law, and social sciences. IJERLAS focuses on advancing knowledge and encouraging critical discourse on educational development, legal systems, and social dynamics at both local and global levels.
The Binding Power of Constitutional Court Decisions Based on Law Number 8 of 2011 Concerning Amendments to Law Number 24 of 2003
This study examines the final and binding nature of Constitutional Court decisions under Law Number 8 of 2011 concerning Amendments to Law Number 24 of 2003 on the Constitutional Court, with particular emphasis on the relationship between constitutional finality, legal certainty, and justice. This study employs normative legal research using statutory and conceptual approaches. Legal materials are analyzed through statutory and authentic interpretation, complemented by philosophical analysis of constitutional adjudication. The findings demonstrate that Constitutional Court decisions acquire permanent legal force immediately upon their pronouncement and are not subject to appeal or other ordinary legal remedies. Their finality also establishes binding force beyond the litigating parties, reflecting the Constitutional Court’s position as the guardian and authoritative interpreter of the Constitution. Although such finality may raise concerns regarding potential judicial errors and access to corrective remedies, it remains constitutionally justified by the supremacy of the Constitution, the institutional position of the Constitutional Court as a court of first and final instance, and the need to ensure legal certainty in constitutional disputes. Therefore, the final and binding character of Constitutional Court decisions constitutes an essential mechanism for maintaining constitutional authority, legal certainty, and stability within Indonesia’s constitutional system.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rusnan, Khairul Umam, Kaharuddin, Ida Surya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Urgency of Revitalizing the Organization of the Directorate General of Taxes (DJP) into a State Revenue Agency (BPN) from a Constitutional Law Perspective
The institutional position of the Directorate General of Taxes (DJP) under the Ministry of Finance has raised concerns regarding its organizational autonomy in managing taxation policies, human resources, budgeting, and information technology. This study aims to analyze the constitutional urgency of revitalizing the DJP into an independent State Revenue Agency (Badan Penerimaan Negara/BPN) that is directly accountable to the President. The research employed a normative juridical approach using a descriptive-analytical method by examining constitutional provisions, statutory regulations, legal doctrines, and relevant literature related to taxation governance and institutional reform. The analysis indicates that the current institutional arrangement limits the DJP's operational independence and may reduce the effectiveness of tax administration. Comparative experiences from several countries also demonstrate that autonomous revenue authorities tend to achieve greater efficiency, accountability, and tax collection performance. From the perspective of Indonesian constitutional law, the establishment of an independent State Revenue Agency does not conflict with the 1945 Constitution, provided that it is established through an appropriate legal framework and remains subject to constitutional principles, checks and balances, and public accountability. Therefore, revitalizing the DJP into a State Revenue Agency constitutes a strategic institutional reform to strengthen tax administration, improve state revenue performance, and promote good governance in Indonesia.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fatmawati Fatmawati, Febrian Febrian, Ridwan Ridwan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Legal Certainty of Court Clerks’ Obligation to Notify Guardianship Appointments to the Balai Harta Peninggalan in Indonesia
This article examines the legal certainty of the obligation of court clerks to notify guardianship appointments to the Balai Harta Peninggalan (BHP) within the Indonesian legal system. Although the Indonesian Civil Code establishes the normative basis for notification and recognizes the BHP as a supervisory guardian, the procedural framework governing the implementation of this obligation remains insufficiently detailed, particularly with regard to notification procedures, timing, and uniform application across courts. This study employs normative legal research using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. Primary and secondary legal materials are analyzed to examine the regulatory framework governing guardianship, the role of the BHP, and selected court determinations. The analysis reveals a regulatory gap between the existence of the normative obligation and the absence of comprehensive procedural mechanisms for its implementation. The gap is particularly evident in the different approaches adopted by General Courts and Religious Courts, resulting in variations in institutional supervision and the protection of children’s property. This study contributes a normative reconstruction by proposing a standardized notification mechanism and a maximum seven-day period for court clerks to notify the BHP. Such regulation is necessary to strengthen legal certainty, institutional accountability, and the protection of children’s rights in guardianship proceedings.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zulfa Zahara, Rachmi Sulistyarini; Amelia Sri Kusuma Dewi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Prioritizing Aspects of Disciplinary Behaviour in Private Islamic Elementary Schools Using Analytic Network Process (ANP)
Disciplinary behaviour in private Islamic elementary schools is shaped by multiple and interdependent factors involving educators, disciplinary methods, learning materials, facilities, and the broader school–family environment. However, existing approaches often identify disciplinary factors without establishing a clear priority order for strategic intervention. This study aims to identify, model, and prioritize the aspects of disciplinary behaviour that should receive greater attention in private Islamic elementary schools. The study employed the Analytic Network Process (ANP) to capture interdependencies and feedback among disciplinary aspects and to derive their relative priority weights through pairwise comparisons and super-matrix synthesis. The analysis involved four main clusters: Educator, Methods, Materials, and Facilities, together with disciplinary attitude outcomes. The results indicate that Educator was the most influential cluster, with a global priority weight of 0.39, followed by Methods (0.24), Materials (0.20), and Facilities (0.15). At the sub-criterion level, Parents (0.51), Teachers (0.29), Religious–moral Content (0.48), and Role Modelling (0.34) emerged as among the most influential elements. The priority outcomes were Obedient (0.33), Responsible (0.27), Respectful and Polite (0.21), and Not-Bullying (0.11). These findings indicate that disciplinary behaviour is primarily shaped by educator-related and value-based factors, particularly parental involvement, teacher influence, moral instruction, and role modelling. The study contributes an ANP-based priority framework that can support evidence-based intervention planning, resource allocation, and character-education strategies in private Islamic elementary schools.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nesia Andriana, Endin Mujahidin, Arief Goeritno https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Blockchain as Electronic Evidence in the Indonesian Legal System: An Analysis of Legal Certainty in Crypto Asset Disputes
This study examines the legal position and evidentiary value of blockchain-based records within the Indonesian legal system and their implications for legal certainty in crypto-asset disputes. Although Indonesian law recognizes electronic information and electronic documents as admissible evidence, the existing framework does not specifically regulate the authentication, verification, submission, and assessment of blockchain-based evidence in judicial proceedings. This study employs normative legal research using statutory, conceptual, comparative, and case approaches to analyze relevant legislation, legal doctrines, and court decisions concerning electronic evidence and crypto-asset disputes. The findings indicate that blockchain records possess strong technical characteristics of authenticity, integrity, traceability, and resistance to unauthorized alteration through cryptographic verification, timestamps, and distributed consensus. However, technical reliability does not automatically establish legal admissibility or evidentiary weight. In judicial practice, blockchain-based evidence may require supporting verification through digital forensic expertise, chain-of-custody documentation, and evidence linking blockchain addresses to the relevant legal subjects. The absence of specific procedural standards creates uncertainty in the authentication and assessment of blockchain evidence and may lead to inconsistent judicial treatment. This study proposes the development of specific judicial guidelines, particularly through a Supreme Court Regulation (PERMA), establishing standards for submission, authentication, technical verification, and judicial assessment of blockchain-based evidence. Such a framework would strengthen legal certainty while maintaining procedural fairness and compatibility with personal data protection requirements.
Copyright (c) 2026 Olfriady Letunggamu, Rahmat Dwi Putranto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of The Impact of Riba Nasi'ah Practices on Digital Consumer Protection and Sharia Business Ethics of Halal Cake Umkm in E-Commerce
The development of the digital culinary ecosystem through e-food delivery applications encourages the use of paylater features that offer payment convenience, but potentially contain elements of riba nasi'ah in the form of additional fees for delayed payments. This practice raises issues from the perspective of digital consumer protection and Islamic business ethics. This study analyzes the impact of riba nasi'ah practices on digital consumer protection and Islamic business ethics in halal cake MSMEs in the e-commerce ecosystem. This study addresses the issue of hidden interest mechanisms embedded in digital financial features such as buy now pay later (BNPL) and fintech-based loans, which are contrary to Islamic principles. The research questions focus on how riba nasi'ah affects Islamic business ethics and digital consumer protection, and what Sharia-based solutions can be implemented. This study uses a qualitative normative-conceptual approach based on a literature review of reputable journals, books, and regulatory sources. The findings indicate that riba nasi'ah practices lead to violations of justice (adl), honesty (sidq), and virtue (ihsan), increase production costs, reduce product quality, and weaken consumer trust. Furthermore, these practices create risks of gharar and tadlis in digital transactions. This study contributes by offering an integrative framework that links riba nasi’ah, Islamic business ethics, and consumer protection, and proposes sharia-compliant solutions such as murabahah and wakalah contracts.
Copyright (c) 2026 Helvinasari Nasution https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Literature Literature Review on the Effectiveness of the Merdeka Curriculum in Secondary Education in Indonesia Based on CIPP Evaluation
The Merdeka Curriculum was introduced to increase learning flexibility, encourage project-based learning, and integrate technology and local culture in the educational process. However, its implementation faces several challenges, including the varying readiness of educators, limited educational infrastructure, and disparities in access to technology and learning resources between regions, particularly in remote areas. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the implementation of the Merdeka Curriculum in secondary schools using the CIPP (Context, Input, Process, Product) evaluation model. The study employs the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method using the PRISMA framework to identify, screen, and analyze relevant studies. A total of 26 articles published between 2022 and 2024 were selected and analyzed to understand the effectiveness, opportunities, and challenges of curriculum implementation. The findings indicate that the Merdeka Curriculum provides greater flexibility in learning, promotes project-based learning, and supports the development of 21st century competencies such as critical thinking, creativity, collaboration, and digital literacy. In addition, the curriculum has a positive impact on increasing students’ learning motivation and encouraging more contextual learning practices. However, the effectiveness of its implementation is highly dependent on the readiness of teachers, the availability of learning infrastructure, and consistent policy support. To optimize the implementation of the Merdeka Curriculum, strengthening teacher capacity through continuous professional development, improving educational infrastructure, and refining project-based and authentic assessment systems are essential. Continuous evaluation and adaptive strategies are also needed to ensure that the curriculum remains relevant to global educational demands. The findings of this study provide insights for policymakers, educators, and researchers in improving the effectiveness of curriculum implementation and in designing more inclusive and sustainable educational policies in Indonesia
Copyright (c) 2026 Fazar Nuriansyah, Eeng Ahman, Disman, Rasto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
E-Government Collaboration Research: A Theoretical Mapping
This research aims to reviews existing theories to be more complete and contain more contextual material, therefore it can be used as one of the references or guidance for the complex and dynamic e-government collaboration. This research tries to reviews a theory using theoretical mapping to various experts’ theories. In reviews theory, the researcher constructs a theoretical mapping based on some experts’ theories. Theoretical mapping is completed by looking deeper to the theory, then comparing the idea and concept of one theory to others, and creating the conclusion. If some experts share the same ideas, the researcher will compile the ideas into one indicator. In contrast, if an expert has an idea which is not delivered and recommended by others, then the idea will not be deleted or forcedly included to ones’ indicator, instead it will become a separate indicator. The result of the development theory which is done through theoretical mapping suggests some fundamental processes such as basic collaboration, planning, commitment and trust, leadership, communication relationship, and technological environment in carrying out e-government collaboration. The concept can be used as one of the references or guidance for developing, managing, forecasting or researching e-government collaboration, which currently has increasingly complex and dynamic problems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Verdico Arief https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Legal Policy Model of National Strategic Projects and Social Stratification from the Welfare Society Perspective
(1) Statement of the Problem: Infrastructure development through the National Strategic Project is one of the government's main policies in accelerating economic growth and improving national connectivity. However, its implementation often results in social impacts in the form of agrarian conflicts, unequal distribution of development benefits, and changes in the social structure of affected communities. This study analyzes the legal policy model of the National Strategic Project and its impact on social stratification from a welfare society perspective using Dahrendorf's social conflict theory approach. (2) Research questions: The research problems are: (a) How is the legal policy model of the National Strategic Project in the legal system of development in Indonesia, (b) How is the impact of the implementation of the National Strategic Project on the social stratification of society and (c) How is the legal policy model of the National Strategic Project based on welfare society in the perspective of Dahrendorf's social conflict theory? (3) Method: This study uses an empirical juridical method with legislative, conceptual, and sociological approaches. Data were obtained through literature studies and empirical data from various research reports, policy documents, and relevant field studies. (4) Findings/Results: The results show that the implementation of the National Strategic Project tends to result in social dualism between groups that benefit from development and affected community groups who experience social marginalization. This condition strengthens social stratification and triggers conflict between dominant and subordinate groups as explained in Dahrendorf's social conflict theory. Therefore, it is necessary to reconstruct the legal policy model of the National Strategic Project based on welfare society by strengthening community participation, fair distribution of development benefits, and legal protection for affected communities. (5) Academic Contribution: This paper gives academic contribution as this policy model is expected to be able to create inclusive and socially just development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Marita, Absori, Kelik, Arief Budiono, Jamal, Sultan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Preventive Legal Mechanisms in Real Property Transactions: Ensuring Legal Certainty
Land disputes remain a persistent challenge in Indonesia despite the enactment of the Basic Agrarian Law (UUPA) in 1960, which marked a foundational transformation in the national land law system and mandated systematic land registration across the country. The high volume of unresolved disputes, as reflected in the 5,973 land cases recorded by the Ministry of ATR/BPN in 2024, signals a continued weakness in preventive legal protection mechanisms within land transactions, particularly in the residential sector. This study examines the forms of preventive legal protection applicable to residential land sale and purchase transactions, the obstacles to their implementation, and the efforts required to guarantee legal certainty for all parties involved. Employing a normative juridical method with a statute approach and a conceptual approach, this study analyzes primary legal materials including the UUPA, Government Regulation Number 24 of 1997, and the Civil Code, supported by secondary sources comprising academic literature and relevant court decisions. The findings indicate that preventive legal protection operates through several mechanisms, such as land registration, pre-transaction verification, the preparation of authentic deeds by a Land Deed Official (PPAT), compliance with agreement validity requirements, tax obligation fulfillment, legal outreach, and digitalization of land services. Adherence to these mechanisms reduces dispute risk by up to 70%, yet implementation remains hampered by low public legal awareness, land mafia practices, weak oversight, and bureaucratic complexity. This study contributes to agrarian and civil law scholarship by affirming the primacy of a preventive paradigm over reactive dispute resolution in ensuring legal certainty for all stakeholders in residential land transactions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Merline Eva Lyanthi, Rosalinda Elsina Latumahina https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Legal Formulation of Post-Divorce Maintenance: Neglect of Women and Children From The Perspective of Criminal Law and Habermas' Theory of Social Integration
Neglect of child support after divorce is a form of rights violation with serious social and legal consequences. Although regulated by civil and religious law, the reality shows weak implementation and minimal sanctions for violators. This article aims to analyze this issue through a juridical-sociological approach by examining the perspective of criminal law and Jurgen Habermas's theory of social integration. The results of the study indicate that neglect of child support can fulfill the criminal elements of child neglect as stipulated in Law No. 35 of 2014 concerning Child Protection. Meanwhile, neglect of an ex-wife can be examined through the economic violence approach in the Domestic Violence Law. Within Habermas's theoretical framework, this weak legal implementation reflects the failure of the legal system to build social legitimacy and rational communication between legal subjects. Therefore, legal reconstruction is needed that integrates normative, criminal, and communicative approaches. Recommendations include reform of child support regulations, strengthening post-divorce mediation, community-based legal education, and digitizing reporting and monitoring systems. Thus, the law can function as a fair, transformative, and responsive instrument of protection for women and children after divorce.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fatimah, Rika Afrida Yanti, Radhali, Vivi Hayati, Nurasyiah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Educational Democracy in the Digital Era: Constitutional Challenges in Ensuring Equitable Access to Education in Indonesia
This study examines the constitutional challenges of ensuring equitable access to education within the framework of educational democracy in Indonesia’s digital era. Despite constitutional guarantees under Article 31 of the 1945 Constitution, significant disparities persist in access to digital education, particularly between urban and rural areas. This raises critical questions: (1) to what extent does the digital transformation of education align with the principles of educational democracy; and (2) how effectively does the state fulfill its constitutional obligation to ensure equitable access to education in the digital context? This research employs a normative juridical method with a socio-constitutional approach, analyzing legal frameworks, policy developments, and relevant scholarly literature. The findings reveal that while digitalization has expanded educational opportunities, it has also reproduced structural inequalities due to unequal infrastructure, digital literacy gaps, and socio-economic disparities. The state’s role remains pivotal but insufficiently optimized, as existing policies tend to emphasize technological expansion rather than substantive equality. Consequently, educational democracy in Indonesia faces a paradox between formal constitutional guarantees and unequal practical outcomes. This study contributes to the academic discourse by offering a critical constitutional perspective on digital education, emphasizing the need to shift from formal equality to substantive justice. It proposes a reconceptualization of educational democracy that integrates digital inclusion as a constitutional mandate, thereby providing a framework for more equitable and responsive education policies in Indonesia’s evolving digital landscape.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sri Ayu Irawati, Vivi Sylvia Purborini https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of Personal Data Protection (PDP) Law and Enforcement Authority Body for PDP Failure in Banking Industry
Personal Data Protection law (PDP) as enacted on 17th October 2022 is create new dimension in Indonesia legal system. PDP law not only “cherry on top” of the previous regulation, but also to perfection the law that focus on protection of the personal or individual rights, especially if that person is bank customer. Financial services is one of the most highly regulatory industry, banking industry as the part of financial services industry have holy grail obligation to protect as we called bank secrecy. PDP law is to complement bank secrecy regulation, since PDP provide specific and strict regulation regarding personal data processing activities in banking. Until February 2026, PDP law not have an implementation regulation and specific regulator as mentioned before at law, this condition can raise the challenge for the banking industry to comply. Banking industry is an industry that process personal data in large number, this industry shall to response the situation carefully, since Bank DNA must compliance with the prevailing law and regulations, unfortunately the regulation not yet enough regulate personal data protection in detail. Moreover, PDP law mandates the creation of a special intuitions related to the regulator and enforcement of PDP Law infringement. The creation of this institution can raise dualism for banking industry, considering that banking is already regulated and supervised by the Financial Services Authority (OJK).
Copyright (c) 2026 Ignatius Widhianto, Lastuti Abubakar, Tri Handayani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Implications of the Constitutional Court Decision Number 25/PUU-XIV/2016 on the Assessment of State Financial Losses in Corruption Cases of Public Procurement
This study analyzes the juridical implications of the Constitutional Court Decision Number 25/PUU-XIV/2016 concerning the assessment of state financial losses in corruption cases, particularly in public procurement. The decision asserts that only actual and verifiable financial losses (actual loss) may serve as valid legal evidence, thereby rejecting the use of potential or indicative losses (potential loss) as the sole basis for criminal liability. Employing a normative juridical method with statutory, conceptual, case, and comparative approaches, the study draws on primary data from relevant legislation, Constitutional Court and Supreme Court decisions, and institutional documents. Legal interpretation and doctrinal analysis were used to evaluate inconsistencies in judicial practice. The findings reveal that despite the Constitutional Court’s ruling, courts and prosecutors often continue to rely on investigative audit reports indicating potential losses without verifying actual harm. Such practices raise fundamental legal concerns regarding due process, the legality principle, and proportionality in sentencing. This study contributes to legal policy reform by proposing clearer evidentiary standards in corruption cases, offering practical insights for judges, prosecutors, state auditors, and legal scholars. Its novelty lies in reconstructing the legal framework for assessing state losses based on constitutional interpretation, distinguishing between actual and potential losses, and introducing a due process-oriented model for verification, causality, and proportional liability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tomson Situmeang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Multicultural Awareness in EFL Classrooms in Indonesia: Enhancing Communicative Competence and Empathy
Indonesia's linguistic and cultural diversity creates both opportunities and challenges for English as a Foreign Language (EFL) instruction, yet multicultural awareness is often sidelined in favor of purely linguistic accuracy. This study aims to addres how multicultural awareness is represented and operationalized in EFL teaching and how it contributes to students’ communicative competence and intercultural empathy. A qualitative meta-summary was conducted using ten Scopus-indexed studies published between 2020 and 2025, focusing on Indonesian EFL contexts. The study identifies three main aspects: integrating local culture, developing context-based skills, and fostering empathy. The findings conclude that effective EFL teaching goes beyond language accuracy, requiring cultural and emotional relevance. This research provides a significant academic contribution by offering a synthesized framework for culturally responsive pedagogy, emphasizing that teacher agency and institutional support are the primary catalysts for developing globally competent yet locally rooted learners.
Copyright (c) 2026 ST. Marhana Rullu, Ribut Wahyu Eriyanti, Ria Arista Asih, Joko Widodo, Masduki https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exploring How Animal-Protein Sources (Eggs, Meat and Milk) Relate to Students’ Active Participation in Physical Education at The Indonesian School in Makkah
This qualitative-descriptive pilot study explored how animal-protein sources (eggs, meat, and milk/dairy) relate to students’ active participation in Physical Education (PE) at the Indonesian School in Makkah. Data were collected using an anonymous structured questionnaire with a two-week recall period covering respondent characteristics, frequency of animal-protein intake, perceived energy/recovery/comfort during PE, and perceived active participation in PE; responses were interpreted thematically to identify recurring patterns without causal inference. Ten students completed the questionnaire (all male adolescents, approximately 12–19 years), and most reported extracurricular sport participation. Four themes emerged: students framed active participation as disciplined engagement across lesson phases, persistence during drills and games, and social engagement through teamwork and sportspersonship; eggs, meat, and milk/dairy were typically reported as routine dietary habits rather than deliberate “PE-day strategies”; perceived readiness for PE was expressed mainly through energy versus fatigue and bodily comfort, suggesting diet may relate to participation indirectly through situational physical readiness; and participation barriers appeared multifactorial, implying strong contributions from non-nutritional influences such as lesson demands and the social–pedagogical climate. Overall, animal-protein sources were not described as direct determinants of PE participation in this small sample, highlighting the need for larger, more diverse studies that add open-ended interviews and consider key covariates (e.g., breakfast habits, hydration, sleep, and PE motivation) to clarify how nutrition and learning environments jointly shape active participation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Askari Zakariah, M. Arif Subair, Novita, Failal Ulfi Mauliah, Ambo Dalle, Aiedil Pebri Suwarna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluating the Conformity of Oil Palm Plantation Spatial Utilization with Regional Spatial Planning Policy and Its Institutional Implications in South Barito Regency
The expansion of oil palm plantations in South Barito Regency, Central Kalimantan has accelerated significantly from 402.72 ha/year (2011–2014) to 776.70 ha/year (2014–2022), raising serious concerns about the conformity of actual land use with the Regional Spatial Plan (RTRW) 2014–2034 and the biophysical suitability of plantation development sites. This study aims to evaluate the conformity of oil palm plantation spatial utilization with RTRW policy and formulate strategic recommendations for RTRW improvement, with emphasis on institutional implications. A Geographic Information System (GIS) approach was employed, integrating multi-temporal satellite imagery analysis (Sentinel-2, 2014 and 2022), biophysical land suitability assessment using BBSDLP guidelines, spatial conformity analysis through overlay of existing land use maps with RTRW spatial patterns, and a Pentahelix-based SWOT analysis involving five stakeholder groups: Government, Academia, Business, Community, and Media. Results reveal that only 31.02% (4,325.39 ha) of existing plantations are located within conforming zones, while 58.9% (8,217.83 ha) are in non-conforming zones—predominantly overlapping with mining zones (31.51%) and residential zones (27.28%). Land use dynamics show a dramatic 289.40% increase in swampland and a 36.32% decline in shrubland, while plantation area itself decreased by 12.64% despite maintaining 83.53% persistence. Biophysical land suitability assessment reveals that 49.42% of the study area falls under the not suitable (N) class, with rooting media constraints as the primary limiting factor. SWOT-Pentahelix positioning in Quadrant IV (WT) yields five hierarchical strategies for RTRW improvement: ecological restoration, institutional strengthening and permit conflict resolution, RTRW revision based on land suitability, land rehabilitation and transitional zone management, and strengthened monitoring systems. These findings demonstrate significant gaps in spatial planning implementation and inter-sectoral coordination, contributing to the evidence base for evidence-driven spatial policy reform in Indonesia.
Copyright (c) 2026 Moh Fitrah Rawuh, Hadi Susilo Arifin, Andrea Emma Pravitasari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Local Community Legal Understanding of Communal Intellectual Property as an Instrument for Environmental Protection in the Borobudur National Strategic Tourism Area
Communal Intellectual Property (CIP) represents collective rights over traditional knowledge, cultural expressions, genetic resources, and geographical indications that are integral to the identity and ecological wisdom of local communities. In Indonesia, recent regulatory developments, particularly Government Regulation No. 56 of 2022, seek to strengthen the protection of CIP; however, the effectiveness of these legal instruments largely depends on the legal understanding and participation of custodial communities. This study examines local community legal understanding of communal intellectual property as an instrument for environmental protection in the Borobudur National Strategic Tourism Area (Kawasan Strategis Pariwisata Nasional Candi Borobudur), a priority tourism destination characterized by intense interaction between cultural heritage, environmental sustainability, and tourism development. Adopting a socio-legal approach, this research combines normative legal analysis with empirical fieldwork. Primary data were collected through structured questionnaires administered to sixty-seven respondents across multiple villages within the Borobudur area, complemented by qualitative interpretation of open-ended responses. The findings reveal a paradoxical pattern: while a strong majority of respondents express normative support for the protection and preservation of communal intellectual property, levels of awareness regarding formal legal frameworks and regulatory instruments remain low. Knowledge and legal literacy are unevenly distributed, with higher awareness concentrated among village government officials, while elders and non-institutional custodians of traditional knowledge are underrepresented. The study also identifies rich domains of communal intellectual property, including traditional agricultural knowledge, cultural performances, handicrafts, and plant-based genetic resources, all of which possess direct relevance to environmental stewardship. However, limited legal understanding constrains the ability of communities to operationalize communal intellectual property through mechanisms such as documentation, registration, free, prior and informed consent (FPIC), and access and benefit sharing (ABS). These gaps undermine the potential of CIP to function as an effective instrument for environmental protection in the context of sustainable tourism. This research contributes to the literature by providing empirical evidence on community legal understanding of CIP and by highlighting the need for participatory, community-centered governance mechanisms. It argues that strengthening legal literacy, inclusive documentation, and co-governance arrangements is essential to align communal intellectual property protection with environmental sustainability objectives in the Borobudur National Strategic Tourism Area.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rani Pajrin, Itok Dwi Kurniawan, Muhammad Fachrie https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Integrating IoT Into Project-Based Learning: A New Approach to Teaching Indonesian Language and Promoting Computational Thinking
This research pioneers the development of Project-Based Learning (PjBL) Indonesian Language teaching materials integrated with the Internet of Things (IoT) to enhance literacy and computational thinking skills among Grade VII students of SMP Negeri 5 Padangsidimpuan. The innovative integration of IoT in PjBL offers a novel approach to language learning, enabling students to engage with real-world problems and develop essential skills for the digital age. The study aims to determine the effectiveness of the developed materials, assess students' responses to the implementation of IoT-integrated PjBL, and evaluate the improvement in literacy and computational thinking skills. Using the ADDIE model, the research involves analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation phases. The developed materials have been deemed "Very Good" and are considered a viable alternative learning resource for students and teachers. The findings of this research are expected to serve as a reference for future applied research and inspire further development of the learning materials for mass production and widespread adoption in middle schools.
Copyright (c) 2026 Eni Sumanti Nasution, Fauziah Nasution, Fita Delia Gultom, Khairunnisa Samosir, Albert Efendi Pohan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Situational Leadership, Organizational Culture and Self-Efficacy on Lecturers' Performance at The Defense University of The Republic of Indonesia
Lecturer performance is a key factor in improving the quality of higher education. Data from lecturer performance management at the Indonesian Defense University (Unhan RI) shows that the predicate is not optimal. The purpose of this study is to analyze the variables of situational leadership, organizational culture, and self-efficacy that influence lecturer performance variables at Unhan RI. The quantitative research approach uses a survey method. The research sample uses a total sampling technique with 103 lecturers at Unhan RI as respondents. Data collection through questionnaires that have been tested for validity and reliability. Data analysis techniques use descriptive statistical analysis, prerequisite tests including normality, multicollinearity, and heteroscedasticity tests, multiple linear regression analysis, hypothesis testing through t-tests and F-tests, and coefficient of determination tests using IBM SPSS Statistics 25 software. The results of the study indicate that situational leadership has a significant effect on lecturer performance, organizational culture has a significant effect on lecturer performance, self-efficacy has a significant effect on lecturer performance, and situational leadership, organizational culture, and self-efficacy together also have a significant effect on lecturer performance at Unhan RI. The results of this study are expected to serve as a reference for improving lecturer performance through the development of adaptive situational leadership, strengthening a positive organizational culture at the university, and enhancing lecturer self-efficacy through continuous professional development. Supporting lecturer performance improvement will further enhance the quality of education.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bambang Kustiawan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Anesthetic Management of Non-Cardiac Surgery in A Patient With Chemotherapy-Induced Cardiomyopathy and Severely Reduced Ejection Fraction: A Case Report
Chemotherapy-induced cardiomyopathy is a serious complication of cancer therapy that can lead to a significant reduction in left ventricular ejection fraction and increase the risk of perioperative morbidity and mortality in non-cardiac surgery. This study aims to describe the anesthetic management of a patient with severe ventricular dysfunction secondary to chemotherapy undergoing non-cardiac surgery. This study used a descriptive observational design in the form of a single case report with retrospective data collection through medical record review, including preoperative evaluation, supporting examination results, intraoperative anesthetic strategies, hemodynamic parameters, use of vasoactive drugs, and postoperative outcomes. Data were analyzed descriptively by comparing clinical findings with relevant literature. The results showed that an individualized anesthetic approach, selection of agents with minimal myocardial depressant effects, careful fluid management, and strict hemodynamic monitoring were able to maintain perioperative stability without major cardiovascular complications. This report emphasizes the importance of a risk-based anesthetic strategy in improving patient safety in individuals with severely reduced ejection fraction due to chemotherapy-related cardiotoxicity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dino Irawan, Mhd. Ayyub Rizki https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Judicial Analysis of Decision Number 590/Pdt.G/2023/PN Bdg on The Legal Status of Business Unit Managers Amid a Legal Vacuum in Foundation Organs
The absence of explicit regulatory mechanisms governing transitional governance in foundations experiencing total vacancy of organs (vacuum of management) has created legal uncertainty, particularly concerning the authority of business unit managers operating under foundations. This normative gap becomes increasingly problematic when foundations manage high-value social assets, raising questions about the limits of managerial authority and the legality of actions undertaken without formally legitimate governing organs. This study addresses two main research questions: (1) how Decision Number 590/Pdt.G/2023/PN Bdg is assessed from the perspective of the Indonesian Foundation Law (Law No. 16 of 2001 as amended by Law No. 28 of 2004); and (2) how judicial law-finding (rechtsvinding) was conducted to resolve the vacancy of foundation organs and its implications for the legal standing of business unit managers. Employing normative juridical research, this study applies statute, case, and conceptual approaches, supported by qualitative analysis of primary and secondary legal materials as well as contextual interviews. The findings demonstrate that the court adopted a dynamic positivism approach, affirming formal ministerial ratification as the decisive criterion of legal legitimacy while simultaneously applying corporate organ theory to clarify the separation of authority between foundation organs and business unit management. The decision confirms that operational continuity does not confer representative authority and that legal legitimacy must remain grounded in formal structure. Academically, this research contributes to the reconstruction of normative boundaries between foundation organs and business unit managers in situations of organs vacancy, highlighting the need for clearer transitional regulatory mechanisms to strengthen legal certainty and protect the social function of nonprofit foundations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Reza Syariffudin Zaki, Axel Christian Putra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Inconsistency of the Applicability Norms in the Law on the Special Region of Jakarta Province: The Impact on the Legitimacy of the Capital City of Indonesia during the Relocation Transition Period
The relocation of the capital city of the Republic of Indonesia from DKI Jakarta Province to the Indonesian archipelago has raised several issues, one of which is for the former capital city. The problem that arises lies in the regulations that serve as the legal basis for the Special Region of Jakarta Province after it is no longer the capital city. Inconsistencies in norms occur between Law Number 2/2024 (UU 2/2024) and Law Number 151/2024 (UU 151/2024), which is an amendment to Law 2/2024. Law 2/2024 states that the enactment of the law is still awaiting the issuance of a Presidential Decree regarding the official relocation of the capital city. On the other hand, Law 151/2024 is declared to be in effect on the date of its promulgation. Law 151/2024 was formed with the aim of recognizing the winner of the 2024 general election from the electoral district of DKI Jakarta Province as the winner of the general election from the Special Region of Jakarta Province. The type of research used in this study is qualitative research using secondary data. This type of qualitative research was chosen to understand the issues that arise related to the inconsistency of norms between Law Number 2/2024 concerning the Special Region of Jakarta Province and its amendments through Law Number 151/2024. This study uses a descriptive research approach. The descriptive approach aims to accurately explain the legal materials obtained. In addition to descriptive, this study also uses a prescriptive approach. There are two (2) findings of this study: first, this inconsistency of norms impacts the validity of all legal products which are made by Provincial officials which is should be made by, for, and on behalf of the Special Region of Jakarta Province. Second, there are constitutional issues arising from legal uncertainty regarding the position of the nation's capital during the transition period.
Copyright (c) 2026 Diastama Anggita Ramadhan, Enny Nurbaningsih, Mailinda Eka Yuniza https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sustainable Tourism Business Practices in Rote Island: Striking a Balance Between Economic Growth and Environmental Conservation
This study aims to analyze the practices, challenges, and strategies for implementing sustainable tourism in Rote Island, East Nusa Tenggara. Using a mixed methods approach with a case study design, the research explores the balance between economic growth, environmental conservation, and socio-cultural sustainability. Quantitative data were collected through surveys involving tourists, business operators, local communities, and government representatives, while qualitative data were obtained from in-depth interviews and field observations. The PLS-SEM analysis revealed that business sustainability and profitability are the most dominant factors in strengthening the local economy (R² = 0.717), followed by environmental and socio-cultural aspects. The findings indicate that tourism practices in Nembrala remain at a moderate to low level across the three pillars of sustainability, characterized by limited waste management systems, low community participation, and unequal distribution of economic benefits. Local community involvement is largely confined to labor roles, while business ownership is dominated by outside investors. This situation creates economic disparities and weak integration of local cultural values into tourism products. The study emphasizes the importance of collaborative governance involving government, businesses, and local communities in strategic decision-making, as well as the adoption of the triple bottom line principles (profit, people, planet) in tourism business models. The implications highlight the need for long-term, regulation-based policies, MSME capacity strengthening, and community empowerment to build inclusive, resilient, and globally competitive tourism destinations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sari Natonis, Eunike M. Gegung, Arjuna Purba, Junita C. Nenabu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Developing an Ethno-Steam Digital Learning Medium to Enhance High School Students’ Cultural Literacy
The rapid expansion of digital learning in the era of Industry 4.0 and Society 5.0 has improved technological proficiency in education but has also contributed to a decline in students’ cultural literacy and connection to local wisdom. This study aims to develop and evaluate an Ethno-STEAM–based digital learning medium designed to enhance high school students’ cultural literacy by integrating Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics with local cultural knowledge. Employing a Research and Development (R&D) methodology using the 4D model (Define, Design, Develop, Disseminate), the study involved 30 Grade X students at a public high school in Indonesia, supported by two science teachers and validated by three experts in media, subject matter, and culture. Data were collected through expert validation sheets, student response questionnaires, and cultural literacy pretest–posttest instruments. The results indicate that the developed media achieved a high level of validity (88.3%) and practicality (87.4%). Statistical analysis revealed a significant improvement in students’ cultural literacy, with a mean score increase from 54.27 to 82.13, a moderate–high N-Gain score of 0.61, and a very large effect size (Cohen’s d = 3.36). These findings demonstrate that Ethno-STEAM digital media not only enhances academic understanding but also strengthens students’ cultural pride and identity. The study concludes that culturally responsive digital learning media offer a promising pedagogical approach for balancing technological advancement with cultural preservation in contemporary education
Copyright (c) 2026 Suci Siti Lathifah, Ainiyah Ekowati, Siti Chodijah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0