Multidiciplinary Output Research For Actual and International Issue (MORFAI)
Multidiciplinary Output Research For Actual and International Issue (MORFAI) journal is a multidisciplinary open access journal published Bimonthly (January, March, May, July, September and November). The journal continuously recei­ves contributions that offer constructive ideas, analysis, and discussions, in the forms of reviews, articles, and reports concerne­d with interdisciplinary approaches. The MORFAI welcomes a wide range of theoretical, empirical, and historical perspectives. Possible articles’ topics include, but are not limited to the following: Economics, Political Science, Law, Human Right, International Business and Management, Agricultural Research, Medical Research, Public Health, Psychology, Engineering Sciences, Sociology, Accounting, Anthropology, Ethnography, Communication, Educational Review and Religious Studies. In accordance with the decree issued by Director General of Research and Development of the Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Technology, bearing the reference Number 295/C/C3/KPT/2026 Dated January 2, 2026 Concerning the Accreditation Ranking of Scientific Journals Period II, the "Multidiciplinary Output Research For Actual and International Issue (MORFAI)" journal has been bestowed with the esteemed National SINTA 3 Ranking Still 2025-2030. The Editorial Board of "Multidiciplinary Output Research For Actual and International Issue (MORFAI)" extends its profound appreciation for the unwavering support and trust vested in us by the Review Board and our esteemed authors. Their relentless efforts and commitment to excellence have been instrumental in the publication of scholarly articles that significantly contribute to the advancement of knowledge with substantial societal impact. Despite this notable achievement, the "Multidiciplinary Output Research For Actual and International Issue (MORFAI)" Editorial Board will not rest on its laurels. We remain steadfast in our pursuit of the highest echelons of academic excellence in the management of scientific journals. Our ultimate objective is to secure indexing within the globally recognized SCOPUS database. Benefits of Publishing a Multidisciplinary Devotion Journal: Ease of submission and author care — Authors are allowed to submit their work through the Open Journal System. Open Access — Free to readers, with an affordable article processing fee (APC) paid by the author or their institution. Speed ​​— We apply In-Press to all accepted manuscripts and provide peer review to maintain the integrity of the information. Visibility — With our open access policy, we are committed to promoting your work as widely as possible and providing as much visibility and exposure as possible for your articles. Multisection — Authors have the option to publish articles and technical notes Indexing — Articles Are Indexed Locally and Internationally. E-ISSN: 2808-6635
SPIRITUAL COMMUNICATION IN THE RECOVERY PROCESS FROM BABY BLUES THROUGH THE PRACTICE OF THE LIVING QUR’AN
This study is aims to understand how mothers’ intrapersonal communication processes help them recover from the baby blues through the practice of “The Living Qur’an,” taking into account the context of family communication as the backdrop for mothers’ postpartum emotional experiences. This study employs a qualitative approach using a phenomenological research design. This method was chosen because it is highly relevant for exploring and deeply understanding individuals’ lived experiences regarding a specific phenomenon, in this case, the recovery process from the baby blues. This finding confirms that emotional improvement does not occur in isolation; strengthening in the Personal Domain (such as self-acceptance) automatically triggers a chain reaction that improves the Communal Domain (harmony in relationships with husband and children), shifts perspectives regarding the Environmental Domain, and ultimately deepens the Transcendental Domain (relationship with God).
Copyright (c) 2026 Aginta Rachmalia Putri Dinanti, Rita Destiwati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF HIBISCUS SABDARIFFA LINN EXTRACT ON OXIDATIVE STRESS AND COLLAGEN DEPOSITION IN D-GALACTOSE-INDUCED SKELETAL MUSCLE AGING IN RATS
Background: The aging process in skeletal muscle is often triggered by chronic oxidative stress that impacts extracellular matrix remodeling in the form of fibrosis and decreased motor function. Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn. (HSL) extract is known to be rich in polyphenol and anthocyanin compounds that have the potential as antioxidant agents. Objective: This study aims to analyze the potential of HSL intervention in regulating gastrocnemius muscle aging in an old rat model accelerated with D-galactose, reviewed from molecular, histopathological and functional aspects. Methods: A total of 18 rats were divided into three groups (n=6): Young Normal Group (NM), D-galactose aging acceleration Group (Ap), and D-galactose + HSL Group (ApH). Aging induction was carried out using D-galactose at a dose of 200 mg/KgBW, daily for 8 weeks orally via tube. HSL supplementation was mixed in drinking water at a dose of 400 mg/KgBW daily for 8 weeks. The parameters tested included serum Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, MMP-9 levels in muscle tissue, limb muscle grip strength, and the percentage of collagen deposition in histopathology preparations. Results: MDA levels and MMP-9 enzyme activity in the Ap group were higher than the NM group (P < 0.001). The percentage of gastrocnemius muscle tissue collagen in the Ap group was lower than the NM group (P < 0.05). No differences were found in muscle grip strength between the Ap group and the NM group. MDA and MMP-9 levels in the ApH group given HSL supplementation were not significantly different from the NM group (P > 0.05). The percentage of gastrocnemius muscle tissue collagen in the ApH group was also not significantly different from the NM group (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Supplementation of HSL extract in the accelerated aging group was able to suppress MDA levels, reduce MMP-9 levels, and maintain the percentage of gastrocnemius muscle tissue collagen. Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn. extract proven to be effective in inhibiting the aging process of gastrocnemius muscle through the mechanism of lipid peroxidation chain cleavage and prevention of fibrotic remodeling, which contributes to the maintenance of the mechanical functional capacity of the muscle.
Copyright (c) 2026 Gabriella E.O Andrianti, Nurul Paramita, Roman Ardian Goenarjo, Imelda Rosalyn Sianipar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EFFECTIVENESS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF LEGAL REGULATIONS ON PEOPLE'S BUSINESS CREDIT ON THE INCREASE OF MICRO, SMALL, AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (Case Study of PT Bank Mandiri Binjai Branch)
People's Business Credit (KUR) is a government policy aimed at expanding access to financing for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). Even though it is supported by various regulations, the implementation of KUR still faces problems, especially regarding the application of the precautionary principle, understanding additional collateral, and the effectiveness of legal protection for debtors. This research aims to analyze the effectiveness of the implementation of KUR legal regulations at PT Bank Mandiri Binjai Branch, its conformity with statutory provisions, and the effectiveness of its implementation based on Soerjono Soekanto's theory of legal effectiveness. The research uses empirical juridical methods with a descriptive analytical approach. Primary data was obtained through interviews and observations, while secondary data was obtained through literature study of relevant laws and regulations, books, journals and literature. The research results show that the implementation of KUR at PT Bank Mandiri Binjai Branch is in accordance with Law Number 10 of 1998 concerning Banking, Law Number 20 of 2008 concerning MSMEs, Government Regulation Number 7 of 2021, and Regulation of the Coordinating Minister for Economic Affairs Number 3 of 2024. The application of the precautionary principle is carried out through business feasibility analysis, field surveys, credit history checks, and the application of moral obligations that are not categorized as collateral. additional. Based on the analysis of legal effectiveness theory, the implementation of KUR regulations has been effective from the aspects of law, law enforcement, facilities, society and culture, although increased socialization is still needed to strengthen public understanding of KUR provisions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shaila Aulia Prilini, M. Rizal, M. Hum https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE PHENOMENON OF EMPTY BOXES IN THE 2024 REGIONAL ELECTIONS IN PAKPAK BHARAT DISTRICT: ANALYSIS OF ISLAMIC POLITICAL THOUGHT
One of the phenomena that has drawn attention in the practice of local democracy in Indonesia is the emergence of a single candidate pair competing against the “empty box” option in regional head elections. This situation reflects issues in democratic competition, the dominance of political party coalitions, and weaknesses in the political recruitment process. The election of the Regent and Deputy Regent of Pakpak Bharat in 2024 serves as a concrete example, where only one candidate pair contested against the empty box. This study aims to analyze the empty box phenomenon in the 2024 Regional Head Election of Pakpak Bharat and to examine it from the perspective of Islamic political thought. The research employs a qualitative approach with a descriptive-analytical method. Data were collected through interviews with informants from the General Election Commission (KPU), the Election Supervisory Agency (Bawaslu), religious leaders, community members, and political parties in Pakpak Bharat, supported by documentation studies of legislation, academic journals, and media reports. The findings reveal that the empty box phenomenon in Pakpak Bharat was influenced by the dominance of a coalition of eleven political parties that supported a single candidate pair, resulting in an unbalanced electoral competition. The absence of independent candidates or alternative pairs meeting the nomination requirements left the public with only two choices: supporting the sole candidate pair or voting for the empty box. From the perspective of Islamic political thought, this condition indicates the suboptimal implementation of the principle of shura (consultation) in recruitment and raises issues of democratic legitimacy due to the limited political leadership options available to society. The study concludes that the empty box phenomenon is a consequence of elite dominance and political party coalitions in the nomination process, which negatively impacts the quality of local democracy. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen more inclusive political recruitment mechanisms and to implement Islamic political values that uphold the principles of shura, justice, trustworthiness (amanah), and public participation in the democratic process.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lolo Ate Karina Berutu, Zulkarnain https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PROJECT MANAGEMENT PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS FOR IMPROVING ROAD CONSTRUCTION IMPLEMENTATION KARAWANG CIKAMPEK PAMANUKAN
This study aims to determine and analyze the influence of planning, organizing, implementing, and supervising the performance of the Karawang-Cikampek-Pamanukan road construction project , both partially and simultaneously . The research method used in this study is a quantitative research method. This study was conducted on the Karawang-Cikampek-Pamanukan road construction improvement project by collecting data using a questionnaire , the sample used was 45 respondents. The data source in this study is primary data with multiple linear regression analysis and hypothesis testing, with data processing using SPSS software version 26. The results of the study indicate that planning has a positive and significant effect on the performance of the Karawang-Cikampek-Pamanukan road construction improvement project . Organizing has a positive and significant effect on the performance of the Karawang-Cikampek-Pamanukan road construction improvement project . Implementation has a positive and significant effect on the performance of the Karawang-Cikampek-Pamanukan road construction improvement project . Supervision has a positive and significant effect on the performance of the Karawang-Cikampek-Pamanukan road construction improvement project . Project management consisting of planning, organizing, implementing, and supervising has a significant influence on the performance of the Karawang–Cikampek–Pamanukan Road construction improvement project .
Copyright (c) 2026 Tiki Rysianne, Abdul Chalid https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
TAX DATA MIGRATION THROUGH CORE TAX ADMINISTRATION SYSTEM : A NETNOGRAPHIC STUDY OF DIGITAL TAX CUMMUNITY DISCOURSE
The digital transformation of tax administration has become one of the most significant public sector reforms undertaken by governments worldwide. Indonesia has accelerated this transformation through the implementation of the Core Tax Administration System (Coretax), an integrated platform intended to replace fragmented digital tax applications and establish a unified tax administration database. Despite its strategic importance, the early implementation of Coretax generated considerable discussion among taxpayers, tax consultants, and accounting professionals regarding technical reliability, usability, and adaptation to the new system. This study investigates how digital tax communities socially construct meanings and responses toward the migration to Coretax during its initial implementation phase This research adopts a qualitative approach using netnography. Data were collected through passive observation of publicly accessible discussions within Telegram tax communities, Twitter/X conversations, and online tax forums between January and August 2025. Qualitative data analysis was conducted using open coding, axial coding, and selective coding to identify dominant discourse themes and explain the socio-technical dynamics underlying user experiences The findings demonstrate that Coretax implementation represents a socio-technical transformation rather than merely a technological migration. Five dominant themes emerged from the digital discourse: system errors, user interface confusion, emotional resistance, collaborative adaptation, and system stabilization. Users experienced three consecutive migration phases characterized by initial confusion, resistance triggered by technical instability, and gradual acceptance following continuous system improvements. The study concludes that successful digital tax transformation depends not only on technological capability but also on effective communication, digital literacy, institutional responsiveness, and public trust. These findings contribute to the growing literature on digital taxation by highlighting the importance of social construction processes and online communities in shaping public sector technology adoption.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sandy Novianto Sandy, Fidiana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
VALIDITY AND LEGAL POSITION OF ON-CHAIN DISPUTE RESOLUTION IN THE INDONESIAN ARBITRATION SYSTEM: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS WITH SINGAPORE LAW
The development of blockchain technology has given rise to on-chain dispute resolution (OCDR) as a dispute settlement mechanism that operates entirely through algorithms and anonymous jurors, without the involvement of any state judicial institution. This research aims to analyze the legal standing of OCDR within Indonesia's civil law system and examine its validity as a form of arbitration under Law Number 30 of 1999 concerning Arbitration and Alternative Dispute Resolution, enriched through a comparative analysis with Singapore's legal framework. This research employs a normative juridical method enriched with comparative elements, utilizing the theory of Lex Cryptographia, the theory of state sovereignty and legal positivism, and Satjipto Rahardjo's progressive law theory as analytical tools. The findings indicate that OCDR constitutes a sui generis legal phenomenon operating as Lex Cryptographia, an independent normative order born from algorithmic consensus rather than sovereign state authority. This characteristic causes OCDR to encounter structural deadlock when tested against the legal positivism paradigm underlying Indonesia's Arbitration Law, particularly concerning the validity of arbitration agreements and arbitrator qualifications, both of which remain fundamentally human-centric. Comparison with Singapore reveals that even a more technology-accommodating legal framework experiences similar normative friction, albeit at a lower intensity. This research argues that Satjipto Rahardjo's progressive law approach which prioritizes the law's benefits to humanity over their textual compliance, provides a relevant philosophical framework to justify the acceptance of a hybrid arbitration model, as successfully demonstrated in the Kleros case in Mexico, as a pragmatic solution to the legal gap currently faced by Indonesia.
Copyright (c) 2026 Daffa Charisma Putra Ramadhon https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EVALUATION OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF LOVE-BASED CURRICULUM IN ISLAMIC JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOLS USING THE STUFFLEBEAM CIPP MODEL
The Love-Based Curriculum (KBC) is a strategic policy of the Ministry of Religious Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia through the Decree of the Director General of Islamic Education Number 6077 of 2025 which instills the values of Panca Cinta in learning in madrasas. Although it has been implemented nationally, no research has evaluated the quality of its implementation measurably using a program evaluation model at the Madrasah Tsanawiyah level. This study aims to evaluate the implementation of KBC at MTs Nurul Islam Bayung Lencir using the CIPP (Context, Input, Process, Product) model from Stufflebeam. The study used a mixed methods approach with a sequential explanatory design involving 171 respondents, consisting of one madrasah principal, 18 teachers, and 152 students. Data were collected through questionnaires, interviews, observations, and documentation studies, then analyzed and triangulated. The results showed that the overall implementation of KBC was in the Good category (83.49%). The Context component received the highest score (87.81%, Very Good), indicating that the program is aligned with the needs of students and madrasah policies; The Process component also scored Very Good (81.69%) through habituation and exemplary behavior. Meanwhile, the Input component received the lowest score (80.34%, Good) due to weak documentation and supporting administration, and the Product component (84.12%, Good) showed a positive impact on student character even though the reporting system was still manual. This study provides a measurable evaluation framework based on CIPP for the implementation of KBC in madrasas as well as data-based improvement recommendations for madrasa managers and Islamic education policy makers.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mifkhudin, Darodjat, Sriyanto, Ahmad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EXPLORING THE MEDIATING ROLE OF PATIENT SATISFACTION IN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHARMACY SERVICE PERFORMANCE AND PATIENT LOYALTY
Abstract— The Study aims to analyze the effect of drug availabity and prescription waiting time on patient loyalty , with patient satisfaction as a mediating variable in the outpatient pharmacy unit. The main issues in outpatient pharmaceutical services include limited drug availability and log prescription waiting times, which may reduce patient satisfaction and ultimately impact patient loyalty. This research employs a quantitative approach using a survey design. Data were collected through questionnaires distributed to outpatient who had received pharmacy services. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling based on specific criteria. Data analysis was conducted using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with a Partial Least Square (PLS) approach to examine the relationships among variable. A total of 100 respondents participated in this study. Drug availability significantly influenced patient satisfaction (p=0.000) and patient loyalty (p=0.006 ), whereas prescription waiting time had significant negataive effects on patient satisfaction (p =0.000), and patient loyalty (p=0.128 ) Patient satisfaction partially medicated both relationships.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tris Yulianti, Hery Winoto TJ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE INFLUENCE OF JOB CRAFTING ON ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR: THE MEDIATING ROLE OF MEANINGFUL WORK AMONG HOSPITAL EMPLOYEES
This study aims to examine the influence of Job Crafting on Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) through the mediating role of Meaningful Work among hospital employees. In the healthcare sector, employees are required not only to perform their formal responsibilities but also demonstrate voluntary behaviors that support teamwork, organizational effectiveness, and service quality. Job Crafting represents employees’ proactive efforts to modify and optimize their work experiences, while Meaningful Work reflects employees’ perceptions of purpose, significance, and value in their jobs. This study applies a quantitative approach using a cross-sectional survey design involving hospital employees. Data were collected through questionnaires measuring Job Crafting, Meaningful Work, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior using a Likert scale. The data were analyzed using validity and reliability tests, classical assumption tests, multiple linear regression analysis, and mediation analysis. The results indicate that Job Crafting has a positive and significant effect on Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Meaningful Work also has a positive and significant effect on Organizational Citizenship Behavior, demonstrating that employees who perceive greater meaning in their work are more likely to engage in voluntary behaviors that support the organization. Furthermore, the regression model shows that Job Crafting and Meaningful Work simultaneously contribute significantly to explaining variations in Organizational Citizenship Behavior among hospital employees.
Copyright (c) 2026 Indri Lestari, Kosasih https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DIGITAL FORENSIC ANALYSIS OF SYSTEM ACCESS ACTIVITY USING SERVER LOGS
This study examines how server log data can be utilized as digital evidence through a structured forensic analysis approach. The proposed framework integrates multiple log sources, including authentication, system, application, and network logs, to reconstruct system access activities. The proposed method applies rule-based correlation and statistical thresholding to detect anomalies across multi-source logs. Experimental results based on 247,318 log entries indicate that the proposed approach achieves a detection rate of 94.7% with a false positive rate of 3.2%. The analysis identifies multiple categories of security threats, including brute force attacks, privilege escalation, data exfiltration, and forensic trace obfuscation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Avram Fadhilah, Hendra Gunawan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
UNCERTAINTY OF EMPLOYMENT RELATIONS AND WAGE DISCRIMINATION OF OUTSOURCED WORKERS FROM A LEGAL AND ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE
Outsourcing refers to work that is not directly related to a company's core business activities, where such work is delegated to another party or company. Generally, outsourcing can be carried out when an agreement has been signed between the labor service provider and the labor service user. However, in practice, outsourcing often leads to issues that disadvantage outsourced workers or laborers. There are companies that fail to uphold workers' rights as specified by labor laws and regulations, thus neglecting their obligations to provide all the rights of outsourced employees. As a result, even though legal provisions regulate various aspects of employment relations, they do not guarantee that companies will comply with these regulations. Problems arising from outsourcing include job insecurity and wage discrimination, both of which clearly violate the provisions set forth in labor legislation. In addition to violating the law, the issues of employment uncertainty and wage discrimination also have severe economic consequences for outsourced workers, as they struggle to achieve a decent standard of living.
Copyright (c) 2026 Vinne Eunike, Catharina Dewi Wulansari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
LONG-TERM OPERATIONAL MODEL OF AUTONOMOUS UNDERWATER VEHICLES (AUV) FOR MARITIME DEFENSE AND SECURITY
This study aims to develop a long-term operational model for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) to enhance maritime defense and security. It focuses on optimizing AUV deployment strategies, improving endurance and navigation efficiency, and integrating advanced technologies to support autonomous maritime operations. The research employs a descriptive-analytical approach, utilizing literature reviews, technical simulations, and expert validation. It examines the integration of energy-efficient propulsion, AI-based navigation, and acoustic communication systems to enhance AUVs' long-term operational capabilities. The study reveals that the implementation of AI-driven navigation, high-capacity energy storage, and robust underwater communication significantly improves AUVs’ endurance and mission effectiveness. However, challenges such as high procurement costs, environmental constraints, and cybersecurity risks must be addressed to ensure sustainable operations. The findings highlight the importance of developing local AUV manufacturing capabilities and enhancing interoperability with existing maritime defense systems. This research contributes to the advancement of autonomous maritime defense by proposing a scalable and adaptive AUV operational model. It provides strategic recommendations for defense planners and policymakers to strengthen Indonesia’s maritime surveillance and security infrastructure.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tomy Ronaldi, Nizirwan Anwar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CRIMINAL LIABILITY OF STATE OFFICIALS IN HUMAN TRAFFICKING CASES TO CAMBODIA AND EFFORTS TO REPATRIATE VICTIMS
Human trafficking to Cambodia constitutes a transnational crime involving cross-border criminal networks and, in several cases, state officials who abuse their authority. This situation creates significant challenges for law enforcement and the legal protection of victims, particularly during the repatriation process. This study aims to analyze the criminal liability of state officials involved in human trafficking to Cambodia and to examine the effectiveness of legal protection in the implementation of victim repatriation. This research employs a normative juridical method with a descriptive qualitative approach using statutory and case approaches. The findings indicate that the criminal liability of state officials is regulated under Law Number 21 of 2007 on the Eradication of the Crime of Human Trafficking and is further strengthened by Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Indonesian Criminal Code. However, its implementation remains ineffective because law enforcement has not fully addressed the involvement of intellectual actors and state officials participating in these crimes. Furthermore, the repatriation process continues to face challenges, including limited inter-agency coordination, inadequate diplomatic capacity, and the suboptimal fulfillment of victims' rights. Therefore, strengthening law enforcement and improving the victim repatriation mechanism are necessary to ensure more effective legal protection for victims.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Dewanto Adi Saputra, Kayus Kayowuan Lewoleba https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
BEYOND BUILDING CONDITION ASSESSMENT: THE INTEGRATED SCHOOL REVITALIZATION PRIORITIZATION ASSESSMENT INSTRUMENT (ISRPAI)
School revitalization programs are essential for ensuring the safety, functionality, and sustainability of educational infrastructure. However, existing school building assessment approaches primarily focus on physical building conditions and provide limited support for broader revitalization prioritization decisions. This study examines the current landscape of school infrastructure prioritization and school building assessment research and proposes an integrated assessment instrument for school revitalization prioritization. A literature review combined with bibliometric and thematic analyses was conducted using Scopus-indexed publications. Two datasets were analyzed: 108 articles related to school infrastructure prioritization and 46 articles related to school building assessment. Bibliometric mapping was performed using VOSviewer to identify dominant research themes, while thematic analysis was employed to synthesize assessment indicators and identify research gaps. The findings indicate that existing assessment approaches are predominantly oriented toward physical-condition indicators, including structural integrity, architectural deterioration, utility performance, and safety considerations. In contrast, educational demand, asset management, and regional context factors remain underrepresented despite their potential influence on revitalization priorities. Based on the identified gaps, this study proposes the Integrated School Revitalization Prioritization Assessment Instrument (ISRPAI), which comprises four dimensions: Building Condition, Educational Demand, Asset Management, and Regional Context. The instrument incorporates eleven indicators, including school capacity utilization, active classroom availability, land status, maintenance history, disaster vulnerability, accessibility, and socioeconomic conditions. The proposed ISRPAI extends conventional building condition assessment approaches by providing a more comprehensive basis for school revitalization prioritization and offers a conceptual foundation for future validation studies and decision-support systems in educational infrastructure planning.
Copyright (c) 2026 Paramitha Mega Putri, Fajar Sri Handayani, Ary Setyawan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
INTERNALIZATION OF WASAṬIYYAH ISLAMIC VALUES THROUGH ISLAMIC RELIGIOUS EDUCATION LEARNING AT LAKSAMANA MARTADINATA PRIVATE JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL IN MEDAN
This study aims to describe the planning of Islamic Religious Education learning in internalizing the values of Islam wasaṭiyyah, examine the internalization process, and identify the supporting and inhibiting factors at SMP Swasta Laksamana Martadinata Medan. This study employed a qualitative approach with a case study design. Data were collected through observation, semi-structured interviews, and documentation, then analyzed using the interactive model of Miles, Huberman, and Saldaña. The findings reveal that the planning of Islamic Religious Education learning was conducted systematically by integrating the values of Islam wasaṭiyyah both implicitly and explicitly through learning objectives, materials, methods, media, and learning activities. The internalization process occurred through three stages, namely value transformation, value transaction, and value transinternalization. In the transformation stage, the values of Islam wasaṭiyyah were conveyed through material explanation, advice, and role modeling. In the transaction stage, these values were reinforced through discussions, deliberation, and group work. Furthermore, in the transinternalization stage, the values of Islam wasaṭiyyah were reflected in students’ daily behavior, such as mutual respect, tolerance, and cooperation. Supporting factors for the internalization process included an inclusive school culture, equal treatment policies toward students, and school programs based on togetherness. Meanwhile, the inhibiting factors included the influence of social media, parenting patterns of some parents that were not fully aligned with the values of Islam wasaṭiyyah, and limited instructional time for Islamic Religious Education learning.
Copyright (c) 2026 Khairul Umam Nasution, Syamsu Nahar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CADETS' ACADEMIC COMPETENCE AND PERFORMANCE DURING FLIGHT OPERATIONS OFFICER ON-THE-JOB TRAINING AT PT CITILINK INDONESIA
Aviation vocational education requires alignment between theoretical knowledge and the ability to perform operational tasks effectively. This study aimed to analyze the level of cadets' academic competence, the level of practical performance, and the relationship between the two during the On-the-Job Training (OJT) program for Flight Operations Officers (FOOs) at PT Citilink Indonesia. The study employed a quantitative descriptive correlational design. The primary analysis involved all 126 cadets of the Aircraft Operations Study Program at the Indonesian Aviation Academy Banyuwangi who had complete academic records and OJT performance evaluations. Academic competence was measured using the average scores of 17 FOO-related subjects, while OJT performance was measured based on supervisors' evaluations covering FLOPS, RAMP, Flight Following, Crew Tracking, and Work Habit. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the Shapiro–Wilk normality test, and Spearman's rank correlation. As supporting data, a perception questionnaire was administered to 65 cadets, with the sample size determined using the Slovin formula. The results showed that the mean academic competence score was 84.67, which falls into the Very Good category, while the mean OJT performance score was 87.75, categorized as Satisfactory. Both variables were not normally distributed. Spearman's rank correlation analysis yielded a correlation coefficient of ρ = –0.196 with p = 0.028, indicating a statistically significant but very weak negative relationship. The questionnaire findings revealed that academic competence provided a fundamental basis for performing OJT tasks; However, cadets still perceive differences between campus-based learning and airline operational practices, particularly regarding operational procedures, company systems, and operational applications. The study concludes that academic competence is significantly associated with OJT practical performance, although the strength of the relationship is very weak and therefore does not fully explain OJT performance. The findings suggest that educational institutions should strengthen operational simulations, introduce airline operational systems, and further align academic learning with industry requirements
Copyright (c) 2026 Rico Darmawan, Khoirunnisa Larasati, Herdi Santoso, Dimas Hari Cahyo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE INFLUENCE OF INFLUENCER MARKETING AND FASHION TRENDS ON PURCHASE DECISIONS THROUGH CONSUMER TRUST IN THE TIKTOK SHOP APPLICATION AMONG GENERATION Z IN PALU CITY
This study aims to analyze the influence of Influencer Marketing and Fashion Trends on Purchasing Decisions through Consumer Trust on the TikTok Shop application among Generation Z in Palu City. The study uses a quantitative approach with an associative research type. The study population is Generation Z in Palu City who have made purchases through TikTok Shop. The research sample consisted of 112 respondents selected using a purposive sampling technique. Data collection was carried out by distributing questionnaires with a five-point Likert scale. Data analysis used Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) based on Partial Least Squares (PLS) with the help of SmartPLS 4.0 software. The results of the study indicate that Influencer Marketing has a positive and significant effect on Consumer Trust and Purchasing Decisions. Fashion Trends also have a positive and significant effect on Consumer Trust and Purchasing Decisions. In addition, Consumer Trust has a positive and significant effect on Purchasing Decisions. The results of the mediation test indicate that Consumer Trust is able to mediate the influence of Influencer Marketing and Fashion Trends on Purchasing Decisions. The findings of this study indicate that the better the influencer marketing strategy and the higher the product's suitability to fashion trends, the higher consumer trust will be, which ultimately increases purchasing decisions on the TikTok Shop application among Generation Z in Palu City.
Copyright (c) 2026 Cinta Nur Ahda Febriyanti, Wahyuningsih, Muzakir, Mohammad Zeylo Auriza https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE EFFECT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL SAFETY ON INNOVATIVE WORK BEHAVIOR THROUGH DIGITAL COLLABORATION AMONG HEALTHCARE WORKERS IN HOSPITALS
Innovation has become a critical capability for healthcare organizations seeking to improve service quality, patient safety, and operational efficiency. Healthcare workers are expected to continuously develop and implement innovative solutions to address increasingly complex healthcare challenges. However, innovation is influenced by various organizational factors, including psychological safety and digital collaboration. This study aimed to examine the effect of Psychological Safety on Innovative Work Behavior through Digital Collaboration among healthcare workers at Hospital X. This study employed a quantitative research approach using a cross-sectional survey design. Data were collected from 200 healthcare workers, including physicians, nurses, pharmacists, laboratory personnel, and other healthcare professionals at Hospital X. The data were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Psychological Safety was treated as the independent variable, Digital Collaboration as the mediating variable, and Innovative Work Behavior as the dependent variable. The study concludes that psychological safety and digital collaboration are important drivers of innovation among healthcare workers. Hospitals should therefore foster supportive work environments that encourage open communication, trust, and active participation while simultaneously strengthening digital collaboration capabilities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dea Erica, Kosasih https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ANALYSIS OF FAIR USE PRINCIPLES OF RELIGIOUS LECTURES DISSEMINATED BASED ON COPYRIGHT LAW
The development of technology, particularly social media, has created new opportunities for the dissemination of religious lectures while also raising challenges related to copyright infringement. Religious lectures are categorized as works protected under Law Number 28 of 2014 on Copyright through both moral and economic rights, although this protection intersects with the principle of fair use, which allows the use of works under certain conditions such as for education or public interest. This study aims to analyze the application of fair use to religious lectures distributed via social media and to examine how the exclusive rights of creators can be safeguarded without neglecting public access. The findings indicate that lectures merely quoting scriptures are not considered original works, while those that include interpretation and creativity by the speaker remain protected by copyright. The dissemination of lectures without permission, especially for commercial purposes, constitutes a copyright infringement. Therefore, a balance between the moral and economic rights of creators and the public's interest in accessing religious information is necessary to create a fair, ethical digital
Copyright (c) 2026 Wendelyn Winona Widyadari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
JURIDICAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE REVISION OF ARTICLE 47 OF THE TNI LAW ON CIVILIAN SUPREMACY IN INDONESIA
The revision of Article 47 of Law Number 3 of 2025 concerning Amendments to Law Number 34 of 2004 on the Indonesian National Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia/TNI) has generated debate within Indonesia’s constitutional system, particularly regarding the appointment of active TNI personnel to civilian positions. The expansion of such assignments raises questions concerning its consistency with the principles of civilian supremacy, military professionalism, and the merit system under Law Number 20 of 2023 on the State Civil Apparatus. This study aims to analyze the juridical implications of the revision of Article 47 from the perspective of constitutional law and to examine its conformity with the constitutional principles of the rule of law and post-1998 security sector reform. This study employs normative legal research using statutory, conceptual, and historical approaches through an analysis of primary and secondary legal materials. The findings indicate that, formally, the revision is valid as a legislative product; however, materially, it gives rise to potential normative tensions with the principles of civilian supremacy and the merit-based bureaucratic system. Therefore, more comprehensive implementing regulations and harmonization with civil service regulations are necessary to ensure that the appointment of active military personnel to civilian positions remains within the framework of the rule of law and constitutional democracy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fredrik Dian Panarawa, Karlinae D. Bangas, Ivans Januardy, Yacob F. Martono https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
LEGAL PROBLEMS OF WIREBREAKING REGULATIONS IN THE NEW KUHAP: THE PERSPECTIVE OF DUE PROCESS OF LAW AND PROTECTION OF PRIVACY RIGHTS
Wiretapping is one of the most effective methods for uncovering crimes, especially those committed in an organized, transnational manner, and utilizing information technology. However, on the other hand, wiretapping is a form of restriction on the right to privacy because it is carried out secretly and allows the state to gain complete access to a person's private communications. The regulation of wiretapping in the New Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP) through Article 136 is an important development in Indonesian criminal procedure law because it is the first time that wiretapping is recognized as a coercive measure in general criminal procedure law. However, this regulation is still vague and leaves further regulation to separate laws, thus giving rise to various legal problems. This study aims to analyze the legal problems of the regulation of wiretapping in the New KUHAP and formulate a concept for an ideal regulation of wiretapping based on the principles of due process of law and protection of the right to privacy. This study uses a normative legal research method with a statutory approach, a conceptual approach, and a comparative approach. The research results show that Article 136 of the New Criminal Procedure Code still leaves gaps in norms regarding procedures, licensing mechanisms, oversight, the use of wiretapping results, the destruction of irrelevant information, and compensation mechanisms. Therefore, comprehensive wiretapping regulations are needed to achieve a balance between law enforcement and human rights protection.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jacelyn Valencia Chiam, Catharina Dewi Wulansari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
AN ANALYSIS OF RESTORATIVE JUSTICE PRINCIPLES APPLIED BY CIVIL SERVANT INVESTIGATORS (PPNS) IN HANDLING ANIMAL, FISH, AND PLANT QUARANTINE CRIMES UNDER LAW NUMBER 20 OF 2025 ON THE CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CODE
This study analyzes the application of restorative justice principles by Civil Servant Investigators (PPNS) in handling animal, fish, and plant quarantine criminal offenses under Law Number 20 of 2025 concerning the Criminal Procedure Code, as well as the inhibiting factors to its implementation. The main issue is the inconsistency between the spirit of restorative justice and the characteristics of quarantine criminal offenses that position the state as the victim. The research employs normative juridical and empirical approaches using in-depth interviews with three informants at the Lampung Animal, Fish, and Plant Quarantine Center and literature study. The analysis applies S. Prajudi Atmosudirjo's Theory of Administrative Law, Aristotle's Theory of Justice, Satjipto Rahardjo's Progressive Law Theory, and Lawrence M. Friedman's Legal System Theory. The findings reveal that although Law Number 20 of 2025 has normatively opened space for the application of restorative justice, in practice it cannot be formally implemented due to three systemic obstacles: legal vacuum (rechtsvacuum) at three levels of regulation, structural weakness of PPNS institutions, and the dominance of repressive paradigms in the legal culture of authorities. The study concludes that the application of restorative justice possesses philosophical, juridical, and sociological legitimacy for development, but requires policy reformulation through the drafting of technical regulations, institutional strengthening, classification of violation risks, and development of a legal culture oriented toward substantive justice.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yasin Arifin, Baharudin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
LEGAL REASONS FOR THE JUDGE'S BOARD OF JUDGES TO APPROVAL THE LAWSUIT FOR REVOCATION OF CHILD CURRICULUM RIGHTS WHICH HAS HAD PERMANENT LEGAL FORCE
This study aims to analyze the legal reasons for filing a lawsuit for revocation of child custody rights after a final and binding decision and to analyze the legal considerations of the panel of judges in Decision Number 42/Pdt.G/2024/PA.Prob. This study uses a normative legal research method with a statute approach and a case approach. The legal materials used consist of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials which are analyzed qualitatively using a descriptive-analytical method. The results of the study indicate that the lawsuit for revocation of child custody rights after a final and binding decision does not conflict with the principle of ne bis in idem or the principle of legal certainty as long as it is based on changes in circumstances that affect the child's best interests. In addition, this study found that the Panel of Judges correctly accepted and examined the lawsuit by basing its considerations on changes in circumstances and protection of the child's best interests. However, in terms of the construction of the ratio decidendi in the decision, there is still room for strengthening, especially in linking the facts proven in court with the application of the principle of best interests of the child.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ilham Indra Mulya, Dwi Aryanti Ramadhani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
QUANTUM MYSTICISM AND SUFI CONSCIOUSNESS: AN INTERDISCIPLINARY PHILOSOPHICAL INQUIRY INTO HAQIQAH AND MA’RIFAH
This study aims to analyze the philosophical relationship between the concepts of haqiqah and gnosis in Sufism with the basic principles of Quantum theory through an interdisciplinary approach. This study is motivated by the growing discussion on the relationship between spirituality and modern science, particularly Quantum theory, which offers a new view of reality, consciousness, and the interconnectedness of the universe. The study uses a qualitative method with a library research approach, analyzing relevant literature sources, such as books, scientific journals, and works on Sufism and Quantum theory. Data are analyzed using content analysis techniques and a comparative approach to find conceptual relationships between the two disciplines. The results show that haqiqah in Sufism can be understood as a potential dimension of spiritual awareness, whereas gnosis is the actualization of spiritual experience as direct, intuitive, and transformative. This concept has philosophical resonance with several Quantum principles, such as superposition, uncertainty, entanglement, the observer effect, and the collapse of the wavefunction. The principle of superposition describes various possible states before actualization, which is analogous to the human inner state before achieving gnosis. The principle of uncertainty demonstrates the dynamics and unpredictability of reality, as does the personal and evolving spiritual journey. Meanwhile, the concept of entanglement demonstrates a universal connectedness that shares conceptual similarities with the principle of monotheism in Sufism. This study concludes that the relationship between Sufism and Quantum Theory is heuristic and philosophical, not an empirical one that demonstrates direct ontological equivalence. Therefore, the analogy between the two should be understood as a conceptual bridge to establish a dialogue between spirituality and modern science without reducing either domain. This research contributes to the development of interdisciplinary studies on consciousness, metatheory, philosophy of science, and Islamic spirituality in the contemporary intellectual context.
Copyright (c) 2026 Iin Inayatul Ummah, Suadi Sa’ad, Kheryadi, Ade Fakih Kurniawan, Jamadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT AS A STRATEGIC MECHANISM LINKING SAFETY CULTURE AND DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION TO SUSTAINABLE PERFORMANCE IN INDONESIAN COAL MINING
Purpose - This study examines how safety culture and digital transformation shape employee engagement and sustainable performance in a high-risk coal mining context. It also investigates whether employee engagement mediates the effects of safety culture and digital transformation on sustainable performance. Design/methodology/approach - A quantitative explanatory design was used. Survey data were collected from 204 employees of PT Indominco Mandiri Bontang, Indonesia, selected from a population of 422 employees using proportionate stratified random sampling. The research model was tested with partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) using SmartPLS 4.0. The measurement model was assessed through outer loadings, Cronbach's alpha, composite reliability, average variance extracted, and Fornell-Larcker discriminant validity. The structural model was evaluated through R-square, f-square, path coefficients, and bootstrapped indirect effects. Findings - Safety culture has significant positive effects on employee engagement and sustainable performance. Digital transformation also has significant positive effects on employee engagement and sustainable performance. Employee engagement significantly improves sustainable performance and partially mediates both the safety culture-sustainable performance and digital transformation-sustainable performance relationships. The model explains 53.1% of the variance in employee engagement and 65.0% of the variance in sustainable performance. Originality/value - The study contributes to human resource management, safety management, and digital transformation literature by showing that sustainable performance in mining is not generated solely by safety systems or digital technologies, but by the ability of organizations to convert those resources into employee engagement. The findings extend the job demands-resources, social exchange, and resource-based perspectives to an under-researched Indonesian coal mining setting.
Copyright (c) 2026 Joni Pratikno, Irsan Tricahyadinata, Saida Zainurossalamia ZA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
INCONSISTENCY IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SEMA NO. 4 OF 2014 CONCERNING THE EMPTYING OF MORTGAGE RIGHT AUCTION OBJECTS: ANALYSIS OF COURT DECISIONS AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR LEGAL CERTAINTY FOR CREDITORS
This study examines the inconsistency in the application of Supreme Court Circular (SEMA) Number 4 of 2014 concerning the eviction of mortgage auction objects and its implications for creditor legal certainty. Employing a normative juridical method with statutory and case-based approaches, this research analyzes two court decisions: Palu District Court Decision No. 57/Pdt.G/2023/PN Pal and Klaten District Court Decision No. 93/Pdt.G/2019/PN Kln. The findings reveal that inconsistency manifests in two forms: procedural, where SEMA was entirely unaddressed despite physical eviction having been carried out prior to the verdict; and normative-substantive, where the creditor protection spirit underlying SEMA was ignored in the judges' legal reasoning. Both forms of inconsistency result in illusory legal certainty for creditors, rendering the parate execution right guaranteed under Article 6 of Law Number 4 of 1996 on Mortgage Rights effectively unenforceable in practice.
Copyright (c) 2026 Uzie Valerie, Wardani Rizkianti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE EFFECT OF EGG FEEDING ON SERUM THIAMINE LEVELS IN CHILDREN WITH STUNTING USING THE ENZYME-LABELLED PROTEIN LIGAND ASSAY (ELPLA) METHOD
Stunting is a chronic nutritional problem that remains a public health challenge in Indonesia and is associated with impaired linear growth, metabolic changes, and micronutrient deficiencies, including thiamine (vitamin B1). As an essential cofactor in energy metabolism, thiamine deficiency has the potential to exacerbate growth impairments in stunted children. This study aimed to assess thiamine levels using plasma samples from stunted children aged 24–59 months who had received a 30-day egg intervention and to compare them with healthy children. Thiamine levels were measured using the Enzyme-Labeled Protein Ligand Assay (ELPLA), an alternative method that is simpler and more economical than instrumental methods such as HPLC and fluorometry. The results showed that the mean thiamine levels increased from 1.06 ± 1.95 µg/mL to 3.76 ± 1.51 µg/mL after the intervention (p<0.001). Thiamine levels in stunted children before the intervention were lower than those in normal children (6.33 ± 0.57 µg/mL; p < 0.001) and remained lower after the intervention (p < 0.001). Thus, one month of egg consumption was associated with an increase in serum thiamine levels in stunted children, but it was not yet sufficient to restore levels to those of normal children.
Copyright (c) 2026 Andi Alelda Rara Fatimah, Dwirini Retno Gunarti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE CIRCLE READING LEARNING MODEL WITH WORD CARDS TO UNDERSTANDING READ STUDENT ON EYE LESSON INDONESIAN LANGUAGE IN CLASS III OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOL
This study aims to determine the effect of the Circle Reading learning model with word cards media on students' reading comprehension in Indonesian language subjects in grade III of elementary school. The study used a quantitative approach with a quasi-experimental method and a Nonequivalent Control Group Design . The research sample consisted of 40 students divided into an experimental class and a control class, each consisting of 20 students. Data collection techniques were carried out through reading comprehension tests in the form of pre-tests and post-tests . Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics through normality tests, homogeneity tests, and Independent Samples T-Tests . The results showed that the average pre-test score of the experimental class was 62.75 and the control class was 62.10 with a significance value of p = 0.600 (> 0.05), so that both groups had equal initial abilities. After the treatment was given, the average post-test score of the experimental class increased to 84.55, while the control class was 71.15. The results of the Independent Samples T-Test showed a t value = 9.567 with a significance value of p = 0.600 (> 0.05). p < 0.001, Which means there is influence significant model learning Circle Reading with word cards as a medium on students' reading comprehension. Cohen's d value of 3.025 indicates size effect Which very big. With thus, model learning CircleReading with word cards is effectively used to improve students' reading comprehension in Indonesian language subjects in grade III of elementary school.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nada Syiva Salsabila, Nurdiana Siregar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE EFFECT OF GOVERNMENT DEBT, ECONOMIC GROWTH, AND FISCAL INDEPENDENCE ON BUDGET DEFICIT IN LOCAL GOVERNMENTS IN BALI PROVINCE
This quantitative study employs a causal-explanatory design to examine the effects of public debt, economic growth, and fiscal autonomy on budget deficits across ten local governments in Bali Province. Utilizing a census-based approach on secondary panel data from audited Local Government Financial Reports (LKPD) and the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) over the 2020–2024 fiscal years, the hypotheses were tested via multiple linear regression analysis. The simultaneous test reveals that the independent variables highly significantly influence regional budget deficits, yielding an Adjusted R 2 of 89.1%. Partially, public debt exerts a positive and significant effect on the deficit, signaling a debt overhang condition and a deficit-debt spiral that constricts fiscal space. Conversely, economic growth exhibits a negative but non-significant trajectory due to pro-cyclical spending policies and structural expenditure rigidities. Meanwhile, fiscal autonomy has a negative and significant impact on mitigating deficits, demonstrating that optimizing local own-source revenue (PAD) serves as a resilient fiscal buffer against financial distress. To ensure long-term fiscal sustainability, local governments in Bali are advised to enhance expenditure efficiency, direct public debt strictly toward productive investments, and proactively expand their own-source revenue base.
Copyright (c) 2026 I Gede Wiprada Pasupati, Ni Luh Putu Wiagustini, I Wayan Terimajaya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
FRUSTRATION AND VERBAL AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS WHO PLAY MOBILE LEGENDS: BANG BANG
The development of competitive online games such as Mobile Legends: Bang Bang has become an integral part of university students’ lives and has introduced complex emotional dynamics in digital interactions. One emotion that frequently emerges during gameplay is frustration, which may be expressed through verbal aggressive behavior. This study aimed to examine the relationship between frustration and verbal aggressive behavior among university students who play Mobile Legends: Bang Bang. The study employed a quantitative approach with a correlational design and involved 250 active university students from various higher education institutions in Indonesia who played Mobile Legends: Bang Bang for at least two hours per day. Data were collected using the Frustration Scale and the Verbal Aggression Scale (VAS), both of which have been adapted into Indonesian. Data analysis was conducted using Pearson correlation analysis. The results revealed a significant positive relationship between frustration and verbal aggressive behavior, with a correlation coefficient of r = 0.665 and p < 0.001, indicating that higher levels of frustration experienced during gameplay are associated with a greater tendency to display verbal aggressive behavior, and conversely, lower levels of frustration are associated with a lower tendency toward verbal aggression. This study implies that emotional regulation, particularly in managing frustration, is an important aspect in minimizing verbal aggressive behavior among university students in the context of competitive online games such as Mobile Legends: Bang Bang.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ade Christian Dillak, Dewita Karema Sarajar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PRICE ELASTICITY IN GENERATION Z LIFESTYLE COFFEE CONSUMPTION : AN ANALYTICAL LITERATURE REVIEW
This study analyzes price elasticity in emotional product consumption, focusing on lifestyle coffee among Generation Z consumers. The study applies an analytical literature review with thematic analysis to synthesize research on coffee demand, price elasticity, hedonic consumption, lifestyle-based purchasing, social media influence, fear of missing out (FoMO), and perceived value. A replicable search protocol was developed using Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, SAGE Journals, Emerald Insight, SpringerLink, Taylor & Francis Online, and Garuda/SINTA-indexed Indonesian journals. The search prioritized publications from 2016 to 2026, while seminal works on hedonic consumption and thematic analysis were retained when conceptually necessary. After relevance-based screening, 25 sources were synthesized into four themes. The review finds that lifestyle coffee demand among Generation Z is not shaped by price and functional utility alone, but also by hedonic value, lifestyle identity, brand experience, social media visibility, and FoMO-driven trend participation. These factors may reduce price sensitivity and support higher price tolerance, especially when consumers perceive coffee as a symbolic and experiential product. However, this inelasticity is conditional; consumers may become price sensitive when quality, ambience, digital relevance, or emotional value declines. The study concludes that lifestyle coffee businesses should apply value-based and experience-driven pricing rather than relying solely on cost-based or competition-based pricing.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tamariska Fendy Putri, Lis Sintha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DEVELOPMENT OF AN AIoT-BASED COFFEE BEAN CLASSIFICATION AND SORTING SYSTEM USING A VISION TRANSFORMER
Manual coffee bean sorting is highly prone to subjectivity, inconsistency, and low operational efficiency. This study aims to develop an automated classification and sorting system based on the Artificial Intelligence of Things (AIoT). The method integrates a Vision Transformer (ViT) model, TensorFlow Lite, Firebase, and an ESP32 microcontroller within a Mobile–Cloud–Edge Computing architecture. The ViT model was trained on four coffee roast levels to perform real-time inference on Android devices linked to physical sorting actuators. Experimental results showed that the ViT model achieved a 96.87% classification accuracy, while the automated physical sorting mechanism achieved 95.83% accuracy with an average response time of 462 ms. In conclusion, the integration of Vision Transformer and AIoT provides a fast and reliable post-harvest automation solution tailored for smart agricultural applications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dody Pintarko, Basuki Rahmat, Faisal Muttaqin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
IMPLEMENTATION OF POSITIVE LAW IN THE LEGAL SYSTEM IN INDONESIA
The application of positive law in the Indonesian legal system is a manifestation of the principle of a state based on law, which prioritizes certainty through written legislation. This article aims to examine the implementation of written law in Indonesia by focusing on two main issues: (1) the effectiveness of the hierarchy of laws and regulations in ensuring legal certainty, and (2) the factors that cause the gap between written legal rules ( das sollen ) and law enforcement practices in the field ( das sein ). This article shows that although the hierarchical structure has been expressly regulated in Law No. 12 of 2011, its effectiveness is still hampered by the phenomenon of hyper-regulation and disharmony between sectoral regulations that trigger legal uncertainty. In addition, the gap between das sollen and das sein is triggered by the weak moral integrity of law enforcers and the legal culture of society that is not yet fully aligned with the text of the law. Suggestions are the need to strengthen the executive review and judicial review mechanisms to synchronize overlapping regulations, as well as restructuring the development system for law enforcement officers to bridge the value of substantive justice with the text of positive law.
Copyright (c) 2026 Endang Pandamdari, Dyah Setyorini, Gandes Candrakirana, Ignatius Pradipa Probondaru, Ignatius Pradipa Probondaru, Dwi Saleha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ANALYSIS OF PERIODIC TESTING FOR FREIGHT VEHICLES REGULATIONS
This study is motivated by the increasing number of traffic accidents caused by vehicle technical failures , primarily due to the ineffective implementation of periodic vehicle inspections . Periodic testing serves as a strategic legal instrument to ensure the roadworthiness of freight vehicles in terms of safety , operational efficiency , and environmental protection . However , the effectiveness of such regulations remains problematic , both in terms of normative quality and practical implementation . This research aims to analyze the legal framework governing periodic testing of freight vehicles and to evaluate its regulatory quality based on the standards of good legislation . This study employs a normative juridical method with statutory and conceptual approaches . The findings indicate that although several regulations exist , fundamental weaknesses remain in procedural provisions , supervision , authority , and sanctions that failed to provide deterrent effects . The novelty of this research lies in its comprehensive evaluation of legal norms using clarity of law and adequacy indicators , linked to legal effectiveness in practice . This study concludes that legal policy reform is required through stronger sanction mechanisms , improved supervisory systems , and institutional harmonization to enhance compliance and reduce traffic accidents .
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Triardya Wiratama, Catharina Dewi Wulansari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION BETWEEN FATHERS AND DAUGHTERS IN RESTORING SELF-ESTEEM AFTER FAILING TO GAIN ADMISSION TO THEIR DREAM COLLEGE
This study aims to analyze and explore in depth how a father’s interpersonal communication helps restore his daughter’s self-esteem after she fails to gain admission to her dream college. This study employs a qualitative approach using descriptive methods. The study seeks to explain how the quality of communication within the family serves as a medium for restoring a daughter’s self-esteem following academic failure. In this study, the data collection procedure was designed in a planned manner to ensure that the information obtained was purely derived from the experiences of the subjects (children and fathers) and was free from the researcher's personal bias or assumptions.The data analysis in this study used a phenomenological approach to uncover the essence of the informants' experiences. The study’s findings, daughters perceive their fathers’ role in interpersonal communication as a form of emotional validation and a source of security that is crucial for rebuilding their self-confidence. This restoration of self-esteem is largely determined by the father’s ability to initiate openness without the pressure of authority.
Copyright (c) 2026 Siti Syarah Putri Pratama, Rita Destiwati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE UTILIZATION ON STUDENTS' SELF-CONFIDENCE THROUGH KNOWLEDGE AND MOTIVATION
This study aims to analyze the effect of Artificial Intelligence utilization on student self-confidence through knowledge and motivation as mediating variables. This study uses a quantitative approach with a causal associative design. The research sample consisted of 292 students of the Faculty of Economics and Business, Tadulako University, selected using proportionate stratified random sampling technique . The data were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) with the help of SmartPLS 4. The results showed that the use of Artificial Intelligence had a positive and significant effect on students' Knowledge, Motivation, and Self-Confidence. Motivation was proven to have a positive and significant effect on Self-Confidence, while Knowledge did not show a significant effect on Self-Confidence. In addition, Motivation was able to significantly mediate the effect of Artificial Intelligence on Self-Confidence, while Knowledge was unable to act as a mediator. These findings indicate that although Artificial Intelligence contributes to increasing students' knowledge, its effect on Self-Confidence occurs more through increasing learning motivation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lidyawati, Bakri Hasanuddin, Wiri Wirastuti, Nur Risky Islianti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE MEANING OF HEALING ACCORDING TO COUNSELES EXPERIENCING DRUG ADDICTION (Qualitative Study with Narrative Inquiry Design on Children in Foster Care at Inabah Toriqoh Pamijahan)
Drug abuse not only causes physical impacts, but also results in psychological, social, and spiritual disorders that affect the sustainability of the recovery process. This study aims to understand the meaning of healing in individuals with a history of drug addiction while undergoing spiritual guidance at Inabah Toriqoh Pamijahan. The study used a qualitative approach with a Narrative Inquiry design . Participants were selected using a purposive sampling technique , namely foster children who have a history of drug addiction, are willing to participate in the study, and are able to tell their recovery experiences narratively. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and observations, then analyzed using narrative analysis through the process of organizing data, restorying , interpreting meaning, and compiling narratives of participant experiences. The research findings identified four main themes, namely (1) life before recovery characterized by loss of direction and negative environmental influences, (2) the journey into spiritual recovery through the emergence of awareness and the decision to change, (3) transformation of awareness through the practice of Tawajuh which helps build inner peace, emotional regulation, self-awareness, and meaningfulness of life, and (4) Talqin as a reinforcement of spiritual recovery that strengthens commitment, self-control, and the sustainability of the recovery process. The research findings indicate that healing is interpreted as a process of identity reconstruction that is not only oriented towards stopping drug use, but also towards establishing the meaning of life, a closer relationship with Allah SWT, and the formation of a new spiritual identity. This research provides implications for the development of psychospiritual-based guidance and counseling services and serves as a basis for further research to test the effectiveness of the Tawajuh method as an intervention in the recovery of individuals with a history of drug addiction.
Copyright (c) 2026 Satria Guruh Takbir Gumelar, Muhamad Muhajirin, Agung Nugraha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
LEGAL PROTECTION FOR CONSUMERS AGAINST MEDICINAL PRODUCTS THAT POSE HEALTH RISKS: OPTIMIZING THE SUPERVISORY ROLE OF THE INDONESIAN FOOD AND DRUG AUTHORITY (BPOM) FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE RULE OF LAW
As a rule of law state that embraces the welfare state concept, Indonesia has an affirmative obligation to safeguard the safety of its citizens through the supervision of high-risk pharmaceutical products. The 2022 outbreak of Atypical Progressive Acute Kidney Injury (APAKI), caused by contamination with Ethylene Glycol (EG) and Diethylene Glycol (DEG) in syrup-based medicinal products, which resulted in the deaths of 324 children, underscores the urgent need to reconstruct the pharmaceutical regulatory oversight system. This study employs a normative juridical research method using statutory, case, and conceptual approaches. The findings indicate that the pre-market and post-market supervisory functions carried out by the Indonesian Food and Drug Authority (BPOM) have not been implemented optimally due to structural constraints, limited resources, and insufficient responsiveness to the evolving risks associated with modern pharmaceutical preparations. Grounded in the Responsive Law Theory and the concept of law as a tool of social engineering, the optimization of preventive and repressive legal protection for consumers must be achieved through the transformation of risk-based supervision, strengthening the accountability of state liability, digitalization of the pharmaceutical supply chain, and the integration of inter-institutional regulatory oversight. Keywords: Consumer Protection, Indonesian Food and Drug Authority (BPOM), Optimization of Regulatory Oversight, Rule of Law, High-Risk Medicinal Products.
Copyright (c) 2026 Aulia Jasmine Ayu Malika, Himawan Sugiharto, Soesi Idayanti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PHYSICAL AND ORGANOLEPTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MILK YOGHOURT COW WITH ADDITION LEAF Pandanus FRAGRANT (Pandanus) Amaryllifolius)
Yogurt is a fermented milk product with high nutritional value and is popular with the public. The addition of pandan leaf extract (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.) can enhance the flavor and provide a natural aroma and color to yogurt. This study aims to determine the effect of adding pandan leaf extract on the physical and organoleptic characteristics of yogurt and to improve the knowledge, skills, and attitudes of Women Farmers Groups (KWT) through extension activities. The study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four treatments: P0 (without the addition of pandan leaf extract), P1 (10%), P2 (13%), and P3 (16%). The parameters observed included color, taste, aroma, and texture through organoleptic tests. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), while the effectiveness of the extension was evaluated through pre-test and post-test on 25 members of the Bunga Mawar Women Farmers Group (KWT) in Timbuseng Village, Pattallassang District, Gowa Regency. The results showed that the addition of fragrant pandan leaf extract had a very significant effect (P<0.01) on the physical and organoleptic characteristics of yogurt. Treatment P0 produced the highest scores in color (4.00), taste (3.07), and aroma (2.93), while the best texture was obtained in treatment P2 (3.53). The addition of fragrant pandan leaf extract in high concentrations caused a change in color to a greener color, decreased acidity levels, affected the distinctive aroma of yogurt, and decreased texture stability at the highest concentration. The results of the extension evaluation showed an increase in knowledge from 65.8% to 93%, skills from 50.2% to 81.8%, and attitudes from 62.6% to 84.4%, with an extension effectiveness rate of 66.3%, which is considered effective.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muh. Afdanul Irham, Syamsududdin, Muhammad Yunus, Lili Suryani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
LEGAL ANALYSIS OF BANKRUPTCY DECISIONS IN CORPORATIONS DURING THE HOMOLOGATION PROCESS AND THEIR IMPACT ON LEGAL CERTAINTY
This study discusses legal issues regarding bankruptcy judgments issued against companies that are or have undergone the homologation process in the Suspension of Debt Payment Obligations (PKPU). In the bankruptcy legal system in Indonesia, homologation is the final stage of the PKPU which aims to provide an opportunity for debtors and creditors to reach a legally binding peace agreement. However, in practice, there is a missynchronization between the applicability of homologation and the possibility of bankruptcy applications, which raises debates about legal certainty and protection for the parties. This study uses a normative juridical approach with qualitative analysis methods of laws and regulations, doctrines, and case studies of court decisions. The results of the study show that although legally a bankruptcy judgment can be rendered against debtors who have undergone the homologation process, it can only be done if there is a real breach of the content of the agreement, and after the homologation is canceled through a valid legal mechanism. In addition, the implementation of the bankruptcy process that continues during the cassation of the bankruptcy decision that has not been decided in a binding manner can cause legal uncertainty that is detrimental to both debtors and creditors. For this reason, it is necessary to strengthen regulations and stricter judicial guidelines regarding the prohibition or limitation of bankruptcy filings as long as the homologation is still valid, as well as an automatic postponement mechanism for the bankruptcy process during legal proceedings. This is important to maintain the function of PKPU as a means of business rehabilitation and ensure the principles of legal certainty and justice for all parties.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sharon Dwi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE ROLE OF ISLAMIC EDUCATION IN SHAPING THE CHARACTER OF GENERATION Z IN THE SOCIAL MEDIA ERA
This study discusses the role of Islamic education in shaping the character of Generation Z in the social media era. Generation Z has grown amid the rapid development of digital technology and social media, resulting in characteristics closely related to internet use, digital communication, and fast access to information. On the other hand, the growth of social media has also created several negative impacts, including moral decline, weak communication ethics, consumerist behavior, individualism, and low self-control among young people. This study employs a library research method by reviewing journals and literature related to Islamic education, Generation Z character development, and social media. The findings show that Islamic education has a strategic role in shaping Generation Z character through the internalization of moral values, strengthening spirituality, digital literacy, and learning that adapts to technological development. In addition, social media can be used as a more interactive, attractive, and relevant medium for Islamic Religious Education learning in accordance with the characteristics of Generation Z. Therefore, Islamic education needs to innovate technology-based learning in order to form a generation that is not only excellent in science and technology, but also possesses character, morals, and ethics in accordance with Islamic values.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nur Syawarnih, Umiarso https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
WHAT KEEPS COFFEE CUSTOMERS COMING BACK? THE ROLES OF CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT, CUSTOMER ENGAGEMENT, AND CAFÉ ATMOSPHERE
Purpose. Retaining customers in the café segment is increasingly difficult as switching costs approach zero and competing outlets converge on product quality. This study asks why some customers return and disentangles two routes to retention that the prevailing literature has largely treated in isolation: a relational route operating through customer relationship management (CRM) and customer engagement, and an experiential route operating through the café atmosphere. Design/methodology/approach. Survey data from 200 patrons of the coffee shop were analysed with partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM), incorporating a mediation test for engagement and a moderation test for atmosphere on the CRM–retention link. Findings. CRM exerts a small but significant direct effect on retention (β = 0.152, p = 0.027), and a larger share of its influence is channelled through customer engagement (indirect β = 0.224, p < 0.001) a complementary (partial) mediation in which engagement remains the dominant pathway, accounting for approximately 60 per cent of CRM's total effect, without eliminating a direct relational payoff. Café atmosphere is the single strongest driver of retention (β = 0.468, p < 0.001), exceeding both components of the relational route, while its hypothesised amplification of the CRM–retention link is not supported (β = 0.043, p = 0.459). The model explains a moderate share of retention variance (R² = 0.691). Originality/value. The study reframes CRM as an antecedent whose retention payoff is only partly direct and is substantially amplified when it is psychologically converted into engagement, and it shows that the relational and experiential routes operate largely in parallel rather than synergistically an environmental dominance that has practical consequences for how independent cafés allocate scarce resources.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ade Wahyudistira, E.R Taufik, Liza Mumtazah Damarwulan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PATIENT CARE MANAGERS AND INTEGRATED PROGRESS NOTES DOCUMENTATION IN RELATION TO INTERPROFESSIONAL JOB SATISFACTION: A SYSTEMATIC MIXED STUDIES REVIEW
Effective interprofessional collaboration is increasingly recognized as a key determinant of patient safety, continuity of care, and healthcare worker satisfaction. Within this context, patient care managers and integrated progress notes documentation may function as important mechanisms for coordinating care across disciplines and supporting interprofessional job satisfaction. However, empirical evidence synthesizing the relationship between care coordination roles, shared documentation practices, and job satisfaction remains limited. This systematic mixed studies review aimed to synthesize evidence on the relationship between patient care managers, integrated progress notes documentation, and interprofessional job satisfaction across healthcare settings. A systematic mixed studies review was conducted using a convergent integrated approach. Studies were identified from major databases and screened according to predefined inclusion criteria focused on care coordination roles, integrated progress notes, and interprofessional job satisfaction. The final synthesis included six studies spanning primary care, acute care, geriatric practice, home healthcare, and interprofessional collaboration platforms. The review found that interprofessional job satisfaction was shaped by four interrelated domains: organisational context, digital documentation design, role clarity, and adaptation over time. Integrated progress notes and collaborative documentation systems facilitated communication, reduced duplication, and improved workflow efficiency when aligned with team needs and organisational support. Conversely, role ambiguity, hierarchical relationships, fragmented systems, and resistance to change weakened collaboration and reduced professional satisfaction. Across the included studies, patient care managers emerged as important coordinators who can strengthen shared documentation, promote team cohesion, and support person-centred care. These findings suggest that sustainable improvements require role clarity, shared accountability, interoperable documentation tools, and interprofessional training to strengthen teamwork and workforce well-being.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nurul Hidayah, Dyah Wiji Puspita Sari, Herry Susanto, Nopi Nur Khasanah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
IDENTIFICATION OF ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS IN THE OLD TEUNGKU MOSQUE IN PUCOK KRUENG DISTRICT. PIDIE JAYA
The Tengku Old Mosque in Pucok Kreung is a historic building with significant architectural, cultural, and religious value for the community. As a building that has undergone development and change over time, the existence of architectural elements in this mosque needs to be identified and documented to maintain its character and authenticity. This study aims to identify the characteristics of architectural elements in the Tengku Old Mosque in Pucok Kreung through theory (Ching, 2007; Naibaho & Pakpahan, 2024). The elements analyzed include floors, walls, columns or supporting structures, doors, windows, ventilation, ceilings, and roofs. This study uses a descriptive qualitative method with a case study approach. Data collection was carried out through field observations, documentation, and interviews with parties knowledgeable about the history and development of the mosque. Data analysis was carried out by identifying the physical condition, function, visual or aesthetic, and symbolic value contained in each architectural element. The results show that the Tengku Old Mosque in Pucok Kreung still retains most of the characteristics of traditional architectural elements that reflect the architectural identity of ancient mosques in Aceh. Each element has a structural and spatial function that supports worship activities, while also containing aesthetic and symbolic values ​​that enhance the building's character. Although some elements have undergone changes due to renovations and functional needs, the mosque's primary character as a historic building is still recognizable through its form, materials, and architectural arrangement. This research is expected to serve as a reference in efforts to preserve and develop historic mosque buildings while still maintaining their architectural values.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sulwana Suci, Cut Azmah Fithri, Hendra Aiyub https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
FROM CAPTIVE TO NON-CAPTIVE: LEVERAGING VERTICAL INTEGRATION FOR MARKET EXPANSION AT PT. PETRO ENERGY
This study examines PT. Petro Energy, a captive fuel trading company in Indonesia facing critical revenue concentration risk, with over 95% of revenue derived from related-party customers in the coal mining sector. Following a vertical integration merger with PT. Storindo effective January 1, 2025, the company gained direct control of 85,000 KL storage infrastructure, transforming its cost structure from variable to fixed costs and raising operating leverage. This research develops a comprehensive strategic framework for market expansion into non-captive customer segments, combining industrial organization and Resource-Based View (RBV) perspectives. Analytical tools include VRIO analysis, Value Chain Analysis, PESTEL, Porter's Five Forces, STP, Marketing Mix 4Ps, SWOT-TOWS matrix, McKinsey 7S, and Kotter's 8-Step Change Model. Primary data was collected through in-depth interviews with the Board of Directors, management, and key captive customers, supported by quantitative financial ratio analysis from 2022–2024 audited financial statements. Findings reveal strong financial readiness (Current Ratio 8.97x, Gross Margin 43%, low Debt-to-Equity of 0.12) but urgent need to address declining Asset Turnover (0.99x) and lengthening Cash Conversion Cycle (90 days). A focused differentiation strategy targeting non-captive mining and construction segments, leveraging Fuel-as-a-Service (FaaS) capability and extended credit terms, is proposed alongside a phased organizational transformation roadmap.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lailly Novila Hakim, Harimukti Wandebori https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE URGENCY OF UPDATING REGULATIONS ON THE PROHIBITION OF DISCRIMINATION IN THE LABOR RECRUITMENT PROCESS: ITS IMPACT ON ECONOMIC GROWTH
This study discusses the urgency of reforming regulations regarding the prohibition of discrimination in the labor recruitment process in Indonesia and its impact on economic growth. Discrimination in recruitment—such as restrictions based on age, gender, physical condition, and religion—remains prevalent despite the existence of various legal instruments prohibiting such practices, including ILO Convention No. 111, Law No. 13 of 2003 on Manpower, and the Circular Letter of the Minister of Manpower No. M/6/HK.04/V/2025. This research employs a normative juridical method with an interdisciplinary approach, combining legal and economic analysis to understand the consequences of discrimination more comprehensively. The findings show that the existing regulations lack sufficient legal force to effectively curb discriminatory practices, as circular letters are administrative in nature and not legally binding. From an economic perspective, discrimination in recruitment creates barriers to human capital accumulation, which ultimately reduces labor market efficiency and hinders economic growth. Therefore, a more stringent and legally binding regulatory reform is needed to ensure equal employment opportunities and promote inclusive economic growth.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jason Christoff Tanuwijaya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
REPRESENTATION OF CULTURAL VALUES IN THE BESEMAH COMMUNITY OF PAGAR ALAM THROUGH THE REJUNG LITERARY ART TRADITION
Indonesia has a wide variety of literary traditions that differ across each region, one of which is found in the Besemah Tribe in Pagaralam, South Sumatra. Rejung is a traditional art form that combines musical melodies and poetic verses as a form of cultural expression rich in meaning. This art form is an oral cultural heritage filled with symbolic values and social functions, especially within the context of traditional customs and culture. Through Rejung art, values such as honor, politeness, solidarity, and spirituality are transmitted from one generation to another. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to describe the cultural values contained in the Rejung art tradition of the Besemah community in Pagaralam, South Sumatra. The research method used is descriptive qualitative, while the data collection technique was conducted through literature studies using reliable sources such as journals, articles, undergraduate theses, dissertations, books, and other relevant references.
Copyright (c) 2026 Keryn Kania, Sumianto A Sayuti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE EFFECT OF DIRECT CASH ASSISTANCE IMPLEMENTATION AND VILLAGE FUND POLICY ON COMMUNITY WELFARE IN GAMPONG LAMBHUK, ULEE KARENG
This study analyzes the effect of Direct Cash Assistance (BLT) implementation and Village Fund policy on community welfare in Gampong Lambhuk, Ulee Kareng District. It employed an explanatory quantitative approach with a cross-sectional survey design. The population consisted of 149 BLT recipients, and a sample of 109 respondents was determined using the Slovin formula. Data were collected through a Likert-scale questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics, data-quality tests, classical assumption tests, multiple linear regression, t-tests, F-tests, and the coefficient of determination. The results show that BLT implementation has a positive and significant effect on community welfare (B = 0.522; t = 5.615; p < 0.001). Village Fund policy has no significant partial effect (B = 0.019; t = 0.189; p = 0.850). Simultaneously, both variables have a significant effect (F = 26.884; p < 0.001) and explain 33.7% of the variance in welfare. The findings emphasize the importance of accurately targeting BLT recipients and strengthening governance, transparency, and community participation in the use of Village Funds.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ricky Ariansyah, Husnul Muna https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE IMPACT OF EMPLOYEE EMPOWERMENT AND ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE THROUGH WORK ENGAGEMENT AS A MEDIATING VARIABLE AT PT PABRIK KERTAS TJIWI KIMIA, TBK
This study aims to examine the impact of employee empowerment and organizational culture on employee performance through the mediating role of work engagement at PT Pabrik Kertas Tjiwi Kimia Tbk, a pulp and paper manufacturing company. This study uses an explanatory quantitative research approach. Primary data were collected using questionnaires from 257 permanent employees in the Stationery Division, selected through probability sampling techniques. Data analysis was conducted using Structural Equation Modeling-Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS). The results indicate that employee empowerment does not have a significant direct effect on employee performance. On the other hand, organizational culture is proven to have a positive and significant direct effect on employee performance. Other findings show that both employee empowerment and organizational culture significantly enhance work engagement. Work engagement itself is proven to have the strongest direct effect on improving employee performance. Furthermore, the mediation analysis results confirm that work engagement significantly mediates the relationship between employee empowerment and employee performance, as well as the relationship between organizational culture and employee performance. Practically, these findings provide managerial insights for manufacturing companies to strengthen employee performance in supporting corporate sustainability through a supportive culture and high levels of work engagement.
Copyright (c) 2026 Achmad Nuril Huda, Budi Eko Soetjipto, Ely Siswanto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ENGLISH FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES IN TOURISM EDUCATION: A SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF PEDAGOGICAL TRENDS AND CURRICULUM GAPS
This study examines the trends, gaps, and future directions of English for Specific Purposes (ESP) in tourism higher education.ESP in tourism is essential for preparing students to communicate professionally in global service contexts, yet many curricula still focus mainly on linguistic knowledge rather than authentic workplace communication. This study employed a qualitative descriptive design through a literature review of scholarly sources related to ESP, tourism education, hospitality communication, curriculum development, and professional communication. The findings show that tourism ESP instruction has shifted toward communicative, task-based, and scenario-based learning. However, gaps remain in students’ psychological readiness, willingness to communicate, intercultural competence, and ability to respond spontaneously in real service encounters. The study highlights the need for a holistic ESP curriculum that integrates linguistic competence, emotional preparedness, intercultural awareness, digital communication skills, and authentic workplace practices. Such integration can better prepare tourism students to become confident, adaptive, and professional service practitioners in international contexts.
Debora Jesika Sihotang, Putri Rohni Sitio
Copyright (c) 2026 Bahagia Saragih, Ayu Lestari, Ameera Fadhillah, Najwa Kamila Harpan, Sefrina Anastasya Simbolon, Maharani Yasika, Aqsha Dinanti, Muthia Fitriani, Yohana Putri S. Simanjuntak, Priska Oktaviani Br Ginting, Gloria Pasca Simarmata, Tengku Hastridilla, Sarah Hendratno Simanjutak, Debora Jesika Sihotang, Putri Rohni Sitio https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MULTI-OBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION OF TAF VENTILATION SYSTEMS WITH DIFFERENT INLET GEOMETRIES FOR PARTICLE CONTROL AND THERMAL COMFORT IN OPERATING ROOMS
Operating room ventilation plays an important role in controlling bacteria-carrying particles (BCP), reducing infection risk, and maintaining thermal comfort for medical staff. Temperature-controlled airflow (TAF) is a promising ventilation strategy because it supplies air through central and peripheral inlets with different temperatures to form a stable downward airflow. This study aims to optimize a TAF ventilation system by considering BCP concentration, energy consumption, and predicted mean vote (PMV). A three-dimensional operating room model was developed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Four operating parameters were varied using central composite design (CCD), while the peripheral inlet position was evaluated separately as a two-level geometry parameter. Airflow was solved using the RNG k–ε turbulence model, while BCP motion was modeled using the discrete phase model (DPM). CFD simulation results were used to train an artificial neural network (ANN) model, which was then integrated with a multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA). TOPSIS was used to select the best compromise solution from the Pareto front. The optimum condition was obtained at a central inlet velocity of 0.2735 m/s, peripheral inlet velocity of 0.1671 m/s, central inlet temperature of 21.8649 °C, peripheral inlet temperature of 22.0127 °C, and peripheral-to-central inlet distance of 2.0474 m. This configuration produced a BCP concentration of 0.9115 CFU/m³, energy consumption of 9.8832 kW, and PMV of −0.3186. These results indicate that the modified TAF configuration can produce low particle concentration, relatively low energy consumption, and acceptable thermal comfort in the operating room.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ghiffar Yanuar, Sholahudin, Kurniawan Teguh Waskito, Ridho Irwansyah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DOES CHILDHOOD FATHER INVOLVEMENT FOSTER TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP? EVIDENCE FROM MEDIATION MODEL ATTACHMENT
Transformational leadership is increasingly recognized as a critical competency in contemporary organizations, yet its developmental antecedents remain insufficiently understood. Although father involvement has been linked to positive psychosocial outcomes, the psychological mechanism through which early paternal caregiving contributes to transformational leadership has received limited empirical attention. This study examined the role of attachment in the association between father involvement and transformational leadership among emerging and young adults. A quantitative explanatory correlational design was employed with 310 participants aged 20–40 years who had prior leadership experience. Data were collected using the Father Involvement Scale (FIS), Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R), and Transformational Leadership Inventory (TLI) and analyzed using mediation analysis with a bootstrapping approach. The findings revealed that father involvement was directly associated with transformational leadership, while attachment was also associated with transformational leadership. However, attachment did not mediate the association between father involvement and transformational leadership. These findings suggest that the developmental influence of father involvement on transformational leadership may operate through alternative pathways beyond attachment, such as self-regulation, socio-emotional competence, resilience, and social learning. This study contributes to developmental and organizational psychology by providing a more comprehensive understanding of how early paternal caregiving experiences shape transformational leadership in adulthood.
Copyright (c) 2026 Eunike Chintya Laura, Hasna, Pratiwi Kuswardani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE INFLUENCE OF THE HEAD PHARMACIST’S LEADERSHIP STYLE AND ORGANIZATIONAL SUPPORT ON PHARMACY TEAM PERFORMANCE AND ITS IMPACT ON THE SUCCESS OF DRUG THERAPY IN MELINDA HOSPITALS
This study aims to analyze the effect of the head pharmacist’s leadership style and organizational support on the success of drug therapy through the performance of the pharmacy team in a hospital setting. It is motivated by the importance of effective leadership and organizational support in improving team performance and patient therapy outcomes. This study employed a quantitative method with descriptive and verificative approaches. The population consisted of pharmacy personnel, with total sampling used to obtain 48 respondents. Data were analyzed using multiple linear regression and mediation analysis with the PROCESS Macro (Hayes). Statistical tests included validity, reliability, t-test, F-test, and coefficient of determination using SPSS. The results showed that the head pharmacist’s leadership style and organizational support significantly affect pharmacy team performance. Pharmacy team performance also has a significant effect on the success of drug therapy. In addition, leadership style and organizational support have a direct effect on therapy success. Mediation analysis indicated that pharmacy team performance acts as a mediating variable in the relationship between leadership style, organizational support, and drug therapy success. In conclusion, drug therapy success is influenced both directly and indirectly through improved pharmacy team performance. Therefore, hospitals should strengthen leadership practices and organizational support
Copyright (c) 2026 Fransisca Intan Marulita, Haddan Dongoran, Rukhiyat Syahidin, Ayu Laili Rahmiyati, Farida Yuliaty https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ANALYSIS OF QRIS USE AS A PAYMENT METHOD AT THE “X” EYE CLINIC IN SURABAYA
Digital transformation in the healthcare sector has driven the adoption of a cashless payment system through the Quick Response Code Indonesian Standard (QRIS) to improve administrative efficiency and service quality. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of QRIS implementation as a digital payment method at Eye Clinic X Surabaya and identify factors that support and hinder its implementation. The study used a qualitative approach with a case study design. Informants were purposively selected, consisting of one financial manager, four cashiers, and five QRIS patient users. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation, then analyzed using thematic analysis assisted by NVivo 14 software. The results showed that QRIS implementation was able to improve the effectiveness of administrative services through faster, easier, more accurate, and more efficient transaction processes. The use of QRIS also helped reduce queues, simplify transaction recording, and increase patient convenience in making payments. However, implementation still faces several obstacles, including internet network instability, delays in transaction notifications, low digital literacy among some elderly patients, and suboptimal standard operating procedures (SOPs) and training for staff. Based on Campbell's effectiveness framework, QRIS implementation has met most of the organizational effectiveness indicators, although further strengthening of technological infrastructure, improving human resource competency, and organizational support are still needed for sustainable digital transformation. This research contributes to enriching the study of digital payment implementation in healthcare facilities, particularly at the clinic level, as a basis for developing policies and strategies for digital healthcare services in Indonesia.
Copyright (c) 2026 Asti Indriani, Djoko Pitoyo, Rahadian Malik, Ayu Laili Rahmiyati, Vip Paramarta, Kosasih https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
STUDY ON DETERMINING THE LOCATION FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A TYPE A PASSENGER TERMINAL IN TANJUNG SELOR, NORTH KALIMANTAN PROVINCE
Bulungan Regency, with its capital in Tanjung Selor, has a strategic position as the administrative center of North Kalimantan Province and the location of the planned Independent New City (KBM). The increased status of this region has triggered high community mobility, which requires the availability of representative transportation infrastructure. Currently, Tanjung Selor does not have a Type A Passenger Terminal, so transportation operations are not yet optimal and integrated. This study aims to determine the most optimal location for terminal construction and analyze its potential for development as an integrated area. The research method uses a mixed method approach. Location priority is determined using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method based on accessibility, spatial planning, technical, economic, and environmental criteria. Furthermore, a spatial analysis based on the Transit Oriented Development (TOD) concept was conducted at the selected locations to measure intermodal integration and accessibility. The AHP analysis results showed the following priority order: (1) Point 4 in Tanjung Selor Hilir (former PU workshop) as the top priority with a cumulative score of 3.00, (2) Point 2 on Jl. Sengkawit with a score of 2.90, and (3) Point 1 on Jl. Sabanar Lama with a score of 2.69. Further TOD analysis shows that Point 4 in Tanjung Selor Hilir has high feasibility as an integrated transportation hub, with a connectivity distance of 3 km to Tanjung Harapan Airport and 6 km to Kayan II Port. Buffering analysis shows that a 500-meter walking radius from this point can reach office and residential centers, supported by the presence of 84 hectares of green open space (RTH) that supports the principle of sustainable development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rio Riswanda, Alfa Narendra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
TEACHER EXPERIENCES IN A COLLABORATIVE ARTS PROJECT BETWEEN SCHOOLS AND ARTS COMMUNITIES IN LEARNING SEGO MEGONO DANCE AT STATE MIDDLE SCHOOL 12 PEKALONGAN
The development of digital technology has affected various areas of life, including art education and art learning in schools, now faced with the demands for significant change. Learning dance arts in schools has an important role in developing students' creativity, expression, and understanding of cultural values and students get deep and meaningful experiences. This study aims to describe and analyze the didactic and aesthetic experiences of teachers as well as the implications of collaborative art projects between schools and communities in the learning of Sego Megono Dance at SMP Negeri 12 Pekalongan. The method of this study is qualitative with an autoethnographic study approach. Autoethnography is a research method that combines an autobiographical approach with ethnography, in this case the researcher reflects on personal experiences in the social and cultural context of the local culinary Sego Megono which is interpreted through dance, to understand a phenomenon more deeply. The research procedure has several stages, namely the preparation stage, the research implementation stage, the data collection stage, the data analysis stage and the reporting stage. The results of the study show that the collaborative art project between schools and the art community in learning Sego Megono Dance reveals the didactic and aesthetic experiences of students, teachers and the art community in learning Sego Megono Dance at SMP Negeri 12 Pekalongan. This teacher's experience obtained new findings, namely students' interest in learning dance art increased, students became more interested and active and gained aesthetic experience from the dance art community and dance teachers. Teachers gain learning innovations, collaborative strategies and pedagogic reinforcement. The implications of collaborative art projects show that collaboration-based art learning can be a bridge between education and community culture. The collaboration not only strengthens the quality of art learning in schools, but also assists ARH Dance Management as an art community in introducing and promoting Sego Megono Dance through formal school education.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fonny Arista, M. Jazuli https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
BIM-BASED STEEL QUANTITY TAKE-OFF EVALUATION FOR STEEL FRAME BRIDGES: A COMPARISON BETWEEN AUTODESK REVIT AND CONVENTIONAL CALCULATIONS
Building Information Modeling (BIM) has become an effective approach for improving the efficiency and accuracy of quantity take-off (QTO) in construction projects, including steel truss bridges. This study evaluates the accuracy of steel weight quantity take-off generated using Autodesk Revit 2025 by comparing it with conventional calculations based on the Detail Engineering Design (DED). The comparison was conducted on 34 steel profile groups consisting of 210 structural members. Steel weight obtained from Autodesk Revit was compared with conventional calculations using percentage difference and statistical indicators, including Mean Error (ME), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE), and the Coefficient of Determination (R²). The results show that Autodesk Revit produced a total steel weight of 27,526.57 kg, while the conventional calculation yielded 27,478.92 kg, resulting in a percentage difference of only 0.17%. The statistical evaluation produced an ME of 1.40 kg, an MAE of 9.31 kg, a MAPE of 1.89%, and an R² value of 0.9996, indicating excellent agreement between the two methods. Unlike previous studies that mainly compared total quantities, this study evaluates steel weight quantity take-off at the individual profile level, providing a more detailed assessment of Autodesk Revit accuracy for steel truss bridge structures. The findings demonstrate that Autodesk Revit 2025 is a reliable and effective tool for BIM-based steel quantity take-off.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mutiara Ramadhanis, Gunawan, Roma Dearni https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PUBLIC POLICY AND GOVERNMENT COMMUNICATION: ENHANCING COMMUNITY COMPLIANCE THROUGH TRUST AND POLITICAL AWARENESS IN CIANJUR
The effectiveness of government administration largely depends on the level of public compliance. However, the situation in Cianjur Regency indicates a persistent gap between government policy design and its implementation by the community. This study aims to examine the effects of Public Policy Quality and Government Communication on Public Trust and Community Compliance, while also investigating the mediating role of Public Trust and the moderating role of Political Awareness. Using a quantitative approach with an explanatory survey method, data were collected from 310 respondents in Cianjur through purposive sampling and analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling–Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS). The findings reveal that both Government Communication and Public Policy Quality have positive and significant effects on Public Trust. However, in influencing Community Compliance, only Government Communication demonstrates a significant direct effect. In contrast, Public Policy Quality, the mediating effect of Public Trust, and the moderating effect of Political Awareness do not show significant influences on Community Compliance. These results suggest that effective government communication serves as the most dominant instrument and primary determinant in ensuring citizens’ compliance with local government policies. This study contributes to the academic literature on the determinants of community compliance by providing empirical evidence regarding the roles of policy quality, government communication, public trust, and political awareness. Furthermore, it offers an empirical model for local governments to enhance governance effectiveness through communication-based strategies aimed at improving the implementation and success of public development programs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rachmat Rachmat, Neli Yuliawati, Hidayat Hidayat https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DUCK SYNDROME OF WORKING COLLEGE STUDENT : UNCOVERING THE ORGANIZATIONAL SUPPORT RELATIONSHIP WITH PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL BEING
This study examines the influence of organizational support and duck syndrome towards psychological well-being. It also seeks to determine whether duck syndrome mediates the relationship between organizational support and psychological well-being. A quantitative approach utilizing a total sampling technique was employed. The study involved 183 subjects—students who were also employed or we called as working college students. The research instruments included the Psychological Well-Being Scale, the Organizational Support Scale, and the Duck Syndrome Scale. Data were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The results indicate that duck syndrome mediates the relationship between organizational support and psychological well-being. Specifically, organizational support was found to have a significant positive direct effect on psychological well-being (β=0.488, T=5.42, p=0.001) but a negative effect on duck syndrome (β=-0.412, T=6.18, p=0.001). Duck syndrome was shown to mediate the relationship between organizational support and psychological well-being (β=0.301, T=3.27, p=0.001).
Copyright (c) 2026 Diny Atrizka, Ikbar Pratama, Hasrita Lubis https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE EFFECT OF LEARNING TECHNOLOGY, TRAINING MOTIVATION, AND TRAINING SATISFACTION ON TRAINING EFFECTIVENESS FOR EDUCATIONAL PERSONNEL AT MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF YOGYAKARTA: A MEDIATION TEST
This study analyzes the effect of learning technology on training effectiveness through the mediating role of training motivation and training satisfaction among educational staff at Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta. This research addresses the limited empirical studies regarding online training effectiveness in higher education administrative staff contexts. The study employed a quantitative explanatory approach using survey methods involving 126 respondents who participated in institutional online training programs from December 2025 to March 2026. Data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling–Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS). The findings indicate that learning technology significantly affects training effectiveness, training motivation, and training satisfaction. Furthermore, training motivation and training satisfaction significantly influence training effectiveness. Both variables also mediate the relationship between learning technology and training effectiveness. These findings highlight the importance of participant engagement and satisfaction in improving the success of online training programs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Laela Niswatin, Meika Kurnia Puji Rahayu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MODEL FOR SETTLING REGIONAL ELECTION DISPUTES THROUGH ELECTION COURTS
The German Constitutional Court was the first to implement constitutional complaints. It can serve as comparative models for granting the Indonesian Constitutional Court the authority to adjudicate constitutional complaints in the context of strengthening the fulfillment of economic, social, and cultural rights. The problem can be formulated as follows: How is the description of disputes over regional election results through election courts? And how effective is the resolution of disputes over regional election results through election courts? This research is a sociological juridical study, so the approaches used to solve the problems in this research are doctrinal and non-doctrinal approaches. Several key issues related to regional elections include the lack of good quality of regional election regulations; Regional General Elections Commission, the Elections Supervisory Committee, including the police, the prosecutor's office, and the courts; regional election disputes, including administrative disputes, election crimes, and election result disputes. To ensure effective and high-quality election dispute resolution, three stages of the regional election process must be regulated and implemented comprehensively and thoroughly. Criminal disputes must be resolved expeditiously by the relevant legal authorities before the vote count begins or at the latest before the election winner is declared.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sri Sumanta, Natangsa Surbakti, Nunik Nurhayati, Arief Budiono https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
REVITALIZING BALINESE MUSICAL IDENTITY THROUGH EXPERIMENTAL GONG KEBYAR: THE CREATIVE PROCESS OF THE FRAGMENTARY PERFORMANCE “JAPA TUAN”
Balinese karawitan, particularly Gong Kebyar, ideally preserves traditional identity, philosophical depth, spiritual values, and local distinctiveness while remaining open to creative reinterpretation and experimental exploration in contemporary performing arts. However, studies on Gong Kebyar have often focused on history, technique, structure, or accompaniment function, while its role in reactivating Atma Kerthi, Geguritan Japa Tuan, Gamelan Penting Karangasem, and fragmentary performance without dalang as an integrated experimental-cultural process remains insufficiently examined. This study addresses how Balinese musical identity is revitalized through the experimental use of Gong Kebyar in “Japa Tuan” and what artistic-cultural contributions the work offers to local musical heritage and experimental performance. Using a qualitative, practice-based artistic research method with an R&D orientation, the study applies the Metamorphosis Completa model. Ulat for idea searching, observation, interviews, literature study, and cultural inspiration; kepompong for incubation, interpretation, musical experimentation, timbral exploration, and dramatic structuring; and kupu-kupu for composition, rehearsal, evaluation, revision, and final performance. The findings show that “Japa Tuan” revitalizes Balinese musical identity by transforming Atma Kerthi, Geguritan Japa Tuan, and Balinese musical traditions into new musical-performative expression. By expanding Gong Kebyar into a dramaturgical force and integrating Gamelan Penting Karangasem, bedug, gong beri, peluit, suling basur, vocality, movement, and visual elements, the work bridges preservation and innovation while opening new possibilities for contemporary karawitan.
Copyright (c) 2026 I Wayan Gede Rikiana Adi Putra, I Gede Mawan, I Made Kartawan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE IMPACT OF DIGITAL RESILIENCE ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE: THE MEDIATING ROLE OF WORKFORCE AGILITY AMONG HOSPITAL EMPLOYEES
The rapid advancement of digital transformation in healthcare organizations has increased the need for employees to adapt to technological changes while maintaining high levels of performance. In this context, digital resilience and workforce agility have emerged as critical capabilities that enable employees to effectively respond to dynamic and technology-driven work environments. This study aims to examine the impact of digital resilience on employee performance and investigate the mediating role of workforce agility among hospital employees. This research employed a quantitative approach using an explanatory survey design. Data were collected from 100 employees of Hospital X through a structured questionnaire distributed to employees who actively utilized digital systems in their daily work activities. The collected data were analyzed using validity and reliability tests, classical assumption tests, multiple linear regression analysis, F-test, t-test, coefficient of determination (R²), and mediation analysis using the Sobel Test. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS version 26. The study concludes that Digital Resilience and Workforce Agility are important determinants of Employee Performance in healthcare organizations. Strengthening employees' digital adaptability and agility can contribute to improved workforce effectiveness and support the successful implementation of digital transformation initiatives in hospitals. These findings provide valuable insights for hospital management in designing strategies aimed at enhancing employee capabilities and organizational performance in the digital era.
Copyright (c) 2026 Adhietya Widyaningrum, Kosasih, Vip Paramarta https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Inclusive Education for Students with Disabilities: Evidence-Based Practices, Frameworks, and Policy Directions
Inclusive education the practice of educating students with disabilities alongside their non-disabled peers in general education settings has become a central goal of special education policy and practice worldwide. This paper reviews the legal foundations, theoretical frameworks, and evidence-based instructional strategies that underpin effective special education services. It examines the continuum of educational placements required by the principle of the Least Restrictive Environment (LRE), the role of Multi-Tiered Systems of Support (MTSS) and Universal Design for Learning (UDL) in differentiating instruction, and the contribution of assistive technology to student access and independence. The paper also considers persistent barriers to inclusion, including resource constraints, attitudinal factors, and gaps in teacher preparation, and offers recommendations for strengthening collaborative, family-centered, and data-driven practice. The synthesis suggests that well-implemented inclusive models, supported by adequate training and resources, benefit both students with disabilities and their typically developing peers academically, socially, and emotionally.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Vandana Singh Thakur, Manish Kumar Meena https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTERNET ADDICTION AND IMPULSIVE BUYING AMONG STUDENTS OF SMA NEGERI 1 SALATIGA WHO USE E-COMMERCE
The development of the internet and technology cannot be separated from human life in this modern era. This condition is experienced by all groups, particularly senior high school students who are entering adolescence and tend to have unstable emotions. This study was conducted to analyze the relationship between internet addiction and impulsive buying. The participants of this study consisted of 209 respondents who were students of SMA Negeri 1 Salatiga from grades 10 to 12 and users of e-commerce, selected using a purposive sampling method. The measurements were conducted using the Impulsive Buying Tendency Scale (IBTS) and the Internet Addiction Test (IAT). Data analysis was carried out using Pearson correlation analysis, which indicated a positive and significant relationship between internet addiction and impulsive buying, with a correlation coefficient of r = 0.207 and a significance value of p = 0.003 (p < 0.05). These results indicate that the higher the level of internet addiction experienced by students, the higher their tendency to engage in impulsive buying behavior. The findings of this study suggest that internet addiction is one of the factors associated with impulsive buying among students of SMA Negeri 1 Salatiga, particularly those who use e-commerce.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dani Aji Kartiko, Dewita Karema Sarajar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
POLICY INSTRUMENTS OF PERSUASION AND COERCION: LESSONS FROM ZIMBABWE GOLD CURRENCY REFORM (2024–2025)
The policy implementation process is complex, as policymakers select and design policy instruments that best suit their objectives in the context of the issues at hand. This study explores how the Zimbabwean government implemented the 2024 Zimbabwe Gold currency reform through persuasion and coercion in a low-trust economy with a highly informal structure. This study uses policy instrument theory and the NATO framework to argue that policy instruments based on nodality can be deployed as persuasion and those based on authority as coercion. This study employs reflexive thematic analysis across 30 documents from government, civil society, academia, and the media. The results show that using nodality tools, such as persuasion without transparency, is a symbolic mechanism, and using authority-based tools without capacity is a coercive mechanism that is difficult to implement. The joint application of the two instruments in these cases reduces the effectiveness of the policy, promotes informality, and weakens citizens’ trust in public institutions. The study concludes that persuasion and coercion are insufficient substitutes for credible institutional frameworks and stakeholder engagement. This study contributes to policy instrument theory and offers recommendations for currency reforms in developing countries.
Copyright (c) 2026 Malony Zorodzai Marekwa, Asal Wahyuni Erlin Mulyadi, Rino Ardhian Nugroho https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
LIQUEFACTION SYSTEM DESIGN USING HYDRAULIC MECHANISM
Liquefaction is a natural disaster that cannot be predicted. Therefore a simulation tool is needed to determine the characteristics of the disaster, so that it can be reduced. This simulation tool moves on the x-axis and y-axis with the drive system using a hydraulic system. The purpose of this research is to measure the vibration parameters that arise in the liquefaction machine. In addition, to analyze the vibration system that arises in the liquefaction machine on the x-axis and y-axis. And the analysis method used is experiment. This mechanism is designed in 2 levels using 6 rollers on each floor. The speed and acceleration of the drive mechanism are able to describe the true state of liquefaction.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Hardiman Nur Ramadhan, Resa Hardianto, Doohan Taqdissillah, Erwinda Fenty Anggraeni, Arfan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A LEGAL ANALYSIS OF THE CIVIL LIABILITY OF PT PETER METAL TECHNOLOGY INDONESIA REGARDING THE RELEASE OF THE RADIOACTIVE SUBSTANCE CESIUM-137: PERSPECTIVES FROM ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND THE INDONESIAN CIVIL CODE
The case of the spread of radioactive Cesium-137 (Cs-137) that polluted the Modern Cikande Industrial Area, Banten, which originated from metal scrap of PT Peter Metal Technology Indonesia (PMT) has posed a serious threat to the environment and the surrounding community. This study aims to analyze the form of civil liability of PT PMT for the spread of radioactive substances viewed from the perspective of Environmental Law and the Civil Code (KUHPerdata). This study uses a normative legal research type (normative juridical) through a statutory approach, a case approach, and a conceptual approach. Data collection was carried out by means of a literature study and analyzed using qualitative methods. The results of the study indicate that the spread of Cs-137 is subject to the principle of strict liability as regulated in Article 88 of Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management (UUPPLH), where companies that manage high-risk hazardous and toxic materials (B3) are held absolutely responsible without the need to prove any element of fault. PT PMT's civil liability is based on Article 1365 of the Civil Code concerning Unlawful Acts (PMH) and Article 87 of the Environmental Management Law (UUPPLH), which implements the polluter pays principle. Therefore, PT PMT is obligated not only to pay compensation to injured parties but also to bear all costs of decontamination and environmental restoration. However, the effectiveness of this civil sanction depends heavily on scientific proof of causality and the results of investigations by authorized technical agencies, such as BAPETEN and BRIN.
Copyright (c) 2026 Max Doan Simanjuntak https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE INFLUENCE OF FLASHCARD MEDIA THROUGH THE TRACKING GAME ON THE LITERACY AND SOCIAL INTERACTION ABILITIES OF EARLY CHILDREN AGED 4-5 YEARS
This study aims to determine the effect of using flashcards through a search-and-find game on the literacy and social interaction skills of 4–5-year-old children. This research is motivated by the low level of early literacy skills in children, particularly in recognizing letters, sounds, and simple vocabulary, as well as the suboptimal social interaction of children in learning activities. Furthermore, the learning process tends to be teacher-centered and underutilizes engaging and contextual educational media and games. This study used a quantitative approach with an experimental method. The research design used was an experiment with two independent variables, namely flashcard media and a tracking game, and two dependent variables, namely children's literacy skills and social interactions. The subjects of the study were children aged 4–5 years at Pembina 1 State Kindergarten, North Cikarang District. Data collection techniques were carried out through observation using instruments compiled based on early childhood development indicators. The data were analyzed using statistical analysis techniques to test the influence of each variable and the interaction between variables. The results of the study showed that: (1) there was an influence of the use of flashcard media on the literacy skills of early childhood children, (2) there was an influence of the use of flashcard media on children's social interactions, (3) there was an influence of the trace-finding game on children's literacy skills, (4) there was an influence of the trace-finding game on children's social interactions, and (5) there was an influence between the use of flashcard media and the trace-finding game in improving the literacy skills and social interactions of early childhood children. Thus, the use of flashcards combined with a tracking game has proven effective in improving literacy and social interaction skills in early childhood. This research is expected to serve as a reference for teachers in developing more innovative, interactive, and child-centered learning.
Copyright (c) 2026 Saida Ahmad, Nurbiana Dhienie, R Sri Martini Meilanie https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE DYNAMICS OF WOMEN'S PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING IN TAARUF MARRIAGES
This study aims to describe the psychological well-being of women who marry through the taaruf process and the factors that influence it. This study focuses on four main themes of psychological well-being: self-acceptance, positive relationships with others, environmental mastery, and life goals, using a qualitative approach. The four participants were selected through purposive sampling. The results show that the psychological well-being of women in taaruf marriages is strongly influenced by positive self-acceptance, the ability to establish good relationships with partners and families, and the ability to manage stress and adjustment. This study is expected to provide a deeper understanding of the psychological challenges of taaruf marriages to improve the psychological well-being of women in taaruf marriages.
Copyright (c) 2026 Qori Setyo Ningrat, Diana Rahmasari, Hermien Laksmiwati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE INFLUENCE OF NON-FINANCIAL COMPENSATION ON TURNOVER INTENTION OF GENERATION Z EMPLOYEES IN THE FOOD & BEVERAGES INDUSTRY WITH JOB SATISFACTION AS A MEDIATING VARIABLE
The high rate of employee turnover in the Food & Beverages industry has become a major challenge for companies in retaining human resources, particularly Generation Z employees who possess distinct work characteristics and expectations compared to previous generations. This study aims to analyze the effect of non-financial compensation on turnover intention among Generation Z employees in the Food & Beverages industry in East Medan District, with job satisfaction serving as a mediating variable. This research employed a quantitative approach using an accidental sampling technique. The data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling–Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS) with the assistance of SmartPLS 4 software. The results indicate that non-financial compensation has a negative and significant effect on turnover intention and a positive and significant effect on job satisfaction. Furthermore, job satisfaction has a negative and significant effect on turnover intention. The findings also reveal that job satisfaction mediates the relationship between non-financial compensation and turnover intention. These results suggest that providing adequate non-financial compensation, such as recognition, career development opportunities, supportive work environments, and positive workplace relationships, can enhance job satisfaction and reduce Generation Z employees' intention to leave the organization. The study contributes to the human resource management literature and provides practical implications for companies in developing effective employee retention strategies for Generation Z workers.
Copyright (c) 2026 Suci Indah Syafitri, Rahdini Rizki Saragih, Naomi Karina Hutagalung, Siti Nurrahmawati Novitasari Hasyim, Ahmad Kodri Fauzi Hasibuan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SUPERVISORY MECHANISMS IN CONSUMER PROTECTION FOR FLIGHT DELAYS (COMPARATIVE STUDY: INDONESIA AND MALAYSIA)
Flight delays remain a recurring issue that harms air transport consumers in both Indonesia and Malaysia. This study aims to comparatively analyze the consumer protection oversight mechanisms for flight delays in both countries in order to formulate an ideal supervisory model. The research employs a normative juridical method with statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches, analyzed through Philipus M. Hadjon's theory of preventive legal protection and Lawrence M. Friedman's legal system theory. The findings show that oversight in Indonesia under PM 89/2015 remains administrative-reactive and involves multiple institutions (DJPU, BPKN, BPSK), while Malaysia's MACPC 2016 applies a more preventive and integrated continuous compliance monitoring system through MAVCOM/CAAM. The study recommends an ideal supervisory model for Indonesia that integrates administrative, operational, and continuous compliance oversight, supported by risk-based supervision and financial sanctions, to strengthen consumer rights protection preventively and sustainably.
Copyright (c) 2026 Agus Mahardika, Ema Nurkhaerani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ANALYSIS OF THE VALUES OF FAITH EDUCATION IN THE BOOK AL-QAULUL JALIYY BY SHEIKH ABDULLAH AL-HARARIY
This article examines the values of Islamic creed (ʿaqīdah) education contained in the book Al-Qaulul Jaliyy and their relevance to creed education in the modern era. Al-Qaulul Jaliyy is a commentary (sharḥ) written based on the Mukhtashar by Shaykh ʿAbdillāh al-Ḥarariyy and covers major themes including tawḥīd, fiqh, and akhlāq. This study employs a qualitative approach using library research, in which data are obtained through textual analysis of the book and relevant supporting sources. The findings indicate that the values of creed education in Al-Qaulul Jaliyy, particularly the discussion of the meaning of the two testimonies of faith (shahādatayn), riddah (apostasy), and the principles of creed, have strong relevance to Islamic creed education at the level of Islamic educational institutions. These values play an important role in developing a solid understanding of faith and in protecting students from various forms of creed deviation in the modern era.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rida Haniyah Siregar, Nurmawati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
VISUAL ANALYSIS OF BUILDING DAMAGE LEVEL AT SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY DORMITORY
The structural integrity of a building is a primary parameter in ensuring the safety and security of its occupants. Over time, structural and non-structural performance tends to degrade due to building age, environmental factors, and usage intensity. This study aims to analyze the physical damage level of Building E at the Sebelas Maret University (UNS) Student Dormitory to provide a technical basis for building maintenance and repair management. The research methodology involved a technical evaluation through visual inspection of both structural and non-structural elements. The analysis results indicate that within the structural elements, the highest damage percentage was found in beams at 20.43%, followed by columns at 0.16%, while stair elements showed no damage. Regarding non-structural elements, the dominant damage occurred in wall finishing/paint at 6.86%, followed by ceilings at 1.96%, and window components at 0.5%. Other elements, including light brick walls, doors, and floor coverings, remained in good condition with no identified damage. The cumulative calculation shows that the total damage percentage for Building E of the UNS Student Dormitory is 3.28%. Based on building damage classifications, this value falls well below the 30% threshold, categorizing the building as having light damage. As a follow-up measure, optimization of periodic preventive maintenance management is required to prevent further degradation and ensure the long-term functional sustainability of the building.
Copyright (c) 2026 Anton Aminanto, Ary Setyawan, Dewi Handayani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE ROLE OF JOB SATISFACTION IN MEDIATING THE EFFECT OF COMPENSATION AND LEADERSHIP ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE AT THE FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE, METHODIST UNIVERSITY OF INDONESIA
This study aims to analyze the role of job satisfaction as a mediating variable in the relationship between compensation and leadership on employee performance at the Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Methodist Indonesia. The research uses a quantitative approach with a survey method, where the entire population of employees is selected as the sample through a census technique. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed using multiple regression analysis along with mediation testing through the Sobel test. The results indicate that compensation has a positive and significant effect on employee performance, and leadership also shows a positive and significant influence on employee performance. In addition, both compensation and leadership significantly affect job satisfaction. The mediation test results reveal that job satisfaction is able to mediate the relationship between compensation and employee performance as well as between leadership and employee performance. Furthermore, job satisfaction itself has a positive and significant effect on employee performance. These findings imply that improving employee performance can be effectively achieved through the provision of fair compensation, the implementation of effective leadership, and the enhancement of job satisfaction. Therefore, organizations are expected to manage these three factors simultaneously in order to create optimal employee performance and organizational outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Gunawan Sagala, Sofyan Matondang, Jeudi Agustina T.P Sianturi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A RIGHTS-BASED APPROACH TO HANDLING COMMUNITY POVERTY IN FOREST AREAS (CASE STUDY IN PARUNGMULYA VILLAGE, CIAMPEL DISTRICT, KARAWANG REGENCY)
Resource-rich forests often become places where poor communities gather. Current forestry policies have not fully addressed poverty. This study examines the extent to which the Social Forestry Program, through the Social Forestry Forest Utilization Permit (IPHPS) scheme, can fulfill the rights of poor communities in forest areas. This study examines program achievements not only from an economic perspective but also from the perspective of fulfilling human rights (HAM). This study uses a qualitative approach with a single case study in Parungmulya Village, Ciampel, Karawang. This area borders the Mitra industrial area (KIM), which is in stark contrast to the conditions of the community within the forest area. Data collection techniques used were participant observation and document collection, which were then analyzed and verified through triangulation. The analytical framework uses structural poverty theory, a Rights-Based Approach (HRBA) with the PANEL principle (Participation, Accountability, Non-discrimination, Equity, Legality) from a Social Work Perspective. The results of the study indicate that the Social Forestry program can restore the dignity and legal status of communities from "encroachers" to "partners of the state." However, this permit does not guarantee residency rights and actually excludes them from social protection programs that require land certificates. Income has increased, but remains below the regional poverty line. This program has reduced the depth of poverty, but has not lifted people out of it. Scientifically, the recognition of new rights is still preliminary. Resource redistribution and policy adjustments across sectors are needed to achieve comprehensive social justice.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hajbudin Hekmatiar, Risna Resnawaty, Hery Wibowo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
WEIGHTING ANALYSIS CRIMINALIZATION IN CRIME FILICIDE CRIME BASED ON PERSPECTIVE CRIMINOLOGY (THEORY POSITIVIS CRIMINAL)
Filicide is a criminal act of murder committed by a parent against their own child, becoming one of the most complex forms of crime criminologically because the perpetrator is the party who is legally most responsible for the victim's safety. This study examines the provisions for aggravating filicide punishments in Indonesian positive law and analyzes the perpetrator's criminogenic factors through the perspective of the criminal positivist theory developed by Lombroso, Ferri, and Garofalo. The method used is a juridical-normative with a literature study of several court decisions. The results of the study indicate that the judge's considerations in aggravating punishments have not fully integrated the perpetrator's biological, sociological, and psychological factors systematically, so that standardized criminological guidelines are needed to produce more proportional and just decisions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jevon Verrell Yosuaria Sitompul https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
FUNCTIONAL DEGRADATION OF FIDUCIARY CREDITOR'S PREFERENT RIGHTS AFTER THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT'S DECISION
This article analyzes the functional degradation of fiduciary creditors' preferential rights after Constitutional Court Decision Number 18/PUU-XVII/2019. The study argues that the decision did not abolish fiduciary creditors' preferential rights, but transformed their practical realization from direct parate execution into conditional parate execution. Using normative legal research with statutory, case, and conceptual approaches, supported by documented socio-legal cases, this article examines the relationship between Article 15, Article 27, and Article 29 of the Fiduciary Security Law and the Constitutional Court's interpretation of default and voluntary surrender. The findings show that before the decision, fiduciary certificates and parate execution strengthened the economic value of preferential rights, but also enabled unilateral repossession practices. After the decision, debtor protection increased, yet disputed default or refusal to surrender the collateral creates procedural similarities with ordinary debt-collection disputes and produces economic consequences for creditors through higher transaction costs, longer recovery time, depreciation risks, and weaker recovery certainty.
Copyright (c) 2026 Restu Arif Hanavi, Tuhana, Agus Riwanto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
POLITICAL ACTIVISTS OF STUDENTS OF THE FACULTY OF USHULUDDIN AND ISLAMIC STUDIES, STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF NORTH SUMATRA IN A CASE STUDY DEMONSTRATION: AT THE MEDAN CITY DPRD BUILDING
This study aims to explain why students of the world Faculty of Ushuluddin and Islamic Studies, North Sumatra State Islamic University, regard demonstrations as their primary form of political activism, analyze the decision-making process preceding collective action, and describe the practical manifestations of political activism during demonstrations at the Medan City Regional House of Representatives (DPRD). A qualitative approach employing a case study design was adopted to gain an in-depth understanding of student political activism. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, field observations, and document analysis. The findings reveal that demonstrations are perceived as the most effective political channel for expressing public aspirations, scrutinizing government policies, and exercising social oversight. Interview evidence indicates that participation in demonstrations is preceded by systematic issue assessment, organizational discussion, collective deliberation, and internal consolidation rather than emotional impulses or spontaneous reactions. Furthermore, student political activism extends beyond street demonstrations to include academic policy analysis, evidence-based advocacy, political education, organizational networking, and the formulation of public-oriented demands. These findings suggest that demonstrations represent a substantial expression of participatory democracy and reinforce students' roles as agents of change, social controllers, and moral forces in promoting accountable governance, responsive public policies, and a more democratic civic culture.
Copyright (c) 2026 Juni Yanti Siagian, Abu Sahrin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0