THE EFFECT OF GOVERNMENT DEBT, ECONOMIC GROWTH, AND FISCAL INDEPENDENCE ON BUDGET DEFICIT IN LOCAL GOVERNMENTS IN BALI PROVINCE
Published:
2026-07-20Downloads
Abstract
This quantitative study employs a causal-explanatory design to examine the effects of public debt, economic growth, and fiscal autonomy on budget deficits across ten local governments in Bali Province. Utilizing a census-based approach on secondary panel data from audited Local Government Financial Reports (LKPD) and the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) over the 2020–2024 fiscal years, the hypotheses were tested via multiple linear regression analysis. The simultaneous test reveals that the independent variables highly significantly influence regional budget deficits, yielding an Adjusted R 2 of 89.1%. Partially, public debt exerts a positive and significant effect on the deficit, signaling a debt overhang condition and a deficit-debt spiral that constricts fiscal space. Conversely, economic growth exhibits a negative but non-significant trajectory due to pro-cyclical spending policies and structural expenditure rigidities. Meanwhile, fiscal autonomy has a negative and significant impact on mitigating deficits, demonstrating that optimizing local own-source revenue (PAD) serves as a resilient fiscal buffer against financial distress. To ensure long-term fiscal sustainability, local governments in Bali are advised to enhance expenditure efficiency, direct public debt strictly toward productive investments, and proactively expand their own-source revenue base.
Keywords:
Regional Budget Deficit Public Debt Economic Growth Fiscal Autonomy Panel Data BaliReferences
Abanikanda, E. O., Dada, J. T., & Ogunjumo, R. A. (2023). Fiscal deficit in sub-saharan Africa: A new intuition from the institution and political drivers. PLOS ONE, 18(9), e0291150. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0291150
Adhim, C., Ramadhan, M. S., Suhaety, Y., Mulyati, M., Hayat, N., & Mauzu, F. (2023). Determinants Affecting The Level Of Regional Financial Independence. International Journal of Social Science, 2(5), 2077–2086. https://doi.org/10.53625/ijss.v2i5.4820
Amirullah, S., Edy, S. A., & Mus, S. F. (2024). Pengelolaan Keuangan Daerah: Sebuah Kajian Fenomenologi terhadap Defisit Anggaran Kabupaten Majene. AKUNSIKA: Jurnal Akuntansi Dan Keuangan, 09–18. https://doi.org/10.31963/akunsika.v0i0.4509
Anus, M., Audi, M., & Ali, A. (2025). The Dynamics Of Budget Deficits: Growth, Governance, And Debt Sustainability In Developing Economies. Contemporary Journal of Social Science Review, 3(2), 2669–2675.
Arif, A., & Arif, U. (2023). Institutional Approach to the Budget Deficit: An Empirical Analysis. Sage Open, 13(2), 21582440231171297. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440231171297
Astiza, I. D., Daulay, A. N., & Tambunan, K. (2024). Analisis Kemandirian Fiskal Kota Pematang Siantar di Tinjau dari Perspektif Ekonomi Islam. Jambura Economic Education Journal, 6(1), 180–198. https://doi.org/10.37479/jeej.v6i1.26739
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2024). Produk Domestik Bruto Indonesia Triwulanan 2020-2024. https://www.bps.go.id/id/publication/2024/10/09/7290b829d2eaa972e4968d19/produk-domestik-bruto-indonesia-triwulanan-2020-2024.html
Bochkareva, E., Kurdyuk, P., Kozhushko, S., & Solovyeva, S. (2023). Budget Balance, Budget Revenues, Expenditures, And Deficits: A Comprehensive Economic And Legal Characteristic. Lex Humana, 15(2), 358–371.
Carvalho, A. C., Carvalho, D. F., Santos, C. S. dos, Oliveira, L. I. S. de, & Filgueiras, G. C. (2024). Financiamiento de inversiones públicas en la economía capitalista y sus efectos económicos y sociales: Comprendiendo su importancia a través de la historia y de la teoría de Keynes. Espacio Abierto, 33(1), 164–199.
Eigbiremolen, G. T. O., Ezema, N. J., & Orji, A. (2015). Dynamics of Budget Deficit and Macroeconomic Fundamentals: Further Evidence from Nigeria. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 5(5), Pages 31-42. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v5-i5/1590
Ernawati, E., & Prasetya, B. P. (2024). Pengaruh IPM dan Kemandirian Keuangan Terhadap Financial Sustainability Pemerintah Kota Yogyakarta. PRIVE: Jurnal Riset Akuntansi Dan Keuangan, 7(1), 76–81. https://doi.org/10.36815/prive.v7i1.3305
Hançer, N. S. (2025). SPENDING REVIEW AS A POLICY TOOL FOR ENSURING EFFICIENCY IN PUBLIC EXPENDITURES AND ITS IMPACT ON FISCAL BALANCE. Sayıştay Dergisi, 35(135), 531–567. https://doi.org/10.52836/sayistay.1579973
Handraini, H., Frinaldi, A., Asnil, A., & Putri, N. E. (2024). Pengaruh Pendapatan Asli Daerah (PAD) Dan Dana perimbangan Terhadap Kemandirian Keuangan Pemerintahan Daerah Di Kab. Pasaman Barat. Professional: Jurnal Komunikasi Dan Administrasi Publik, 11(2), 593–600. https://doi.org/10.37676/professional.v11i2.7225
Huda, R. A., Puspita, R. A., Hasanah, S. N., & Malik, A. (2024). Peran Kebijakan Fiskal Dalam Meningkatkan Kesejahteraan Sosial Di Indonesia Sebagai Negara Berkembang. Kalianda Halok Gagas, 7(2), 189–201. https://doi.org/10.52655/khg.v7i2.102
Insani, A., Rahayu, S., & Erwati, M. (2023). Determinan Kinerja Keuangan Pemerintah Daerah. Akurasi : Jurnal Studi Akuntansi dan Keuangan, 6(1), 109–125. https://doi.org/10.29303/akurasi.v6i1.343
Kasongo, A. (2023). The Determinants of Fiscal Deficit in South Africa: A Bayesian Vector Autoregressive Approach. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 13(4), 30–36. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.14433
Kusumawardani, N. P., & Iswara, U. S. (2025). Pengaruh Rasio Efisiensi, Kemandirian Keuangan, Rasio Efektivitas Terhadap Financial Distress. Jurnal Ilmu Dan Riset Akuntansi (JIRA), 14(7). https://jurnalmahasiswa.stiesia.ac.id/index.php/jira/article/view/6341
Lailiyah, N. I., & Desitama, F. S. (2024). Kemandirian Keuangan, Rasio Efisiensi, Rasio Solvabilitas Anggaran dan Rasio Pertumbuhan terhadap Financial Distress Pemerintah Daerah. Reslaj : Religion Education Social Laa Roiba Journal, 6(3), 1952–1973. https://doi.org/10.47467/reslaj.v6i3.5868
Miftahurrohman, A., & Prasetya, B. P. (2024). Pengaruh Kemandirian Keuangan dan Kinerja Keuangan Terhadap Keberlanjutan Keuangan (Financial Sustainability) Pada Pemerintah Kota Yogyakarta: Pengaruh Kemandirian Keuangan dan Kinerja Keuangan Terhadap Keberlanjutan Keuangan (Financial Sustainability) Pada Pemerintah Kota Yogyakarta. Bisman (Bisnis dan Manajemen): The Journal of Business and Management, 7(2), 363–372. https://doi.org/10.36815/bisman.v7i2.3259
Muliati, M., Ruma, Z., Anwar, A., Budiyanti, H., & Aslam, A. P. (2024). Perencanaan dan Kinerja Keuangan Badan Pengelolaan Keuangan Daerah (BPKD) Kabupaten Gowa. Journal of Management and Social Sciences, 3(3), 227–254. https://doi.org/10.55606/jimas.v3i3.1468
Mulyani, S., & Fitra, H. (2023). Pengaruh Rasio Derajat Disentralisasi, Rasio Kemandirian Keuagan Daerah dan Rasio Tingkat Pembiayaan SiLPA terhadap Alokasi Belanja Modal di Kabupaten/Kota Sumatera Barat. Jurnal Nuansa Karya Akuntansi, 1(2), 135–144. https://doi.org/10.24036/jnka.v1i2.11
Nauman, M., & Ahmad, R. (2024a). Budget Deficits in Pakistan: A Time Series Analysis of The Impact of Economic Political and Institutional Factors. Pakistan Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 12(2), 1057–1071. https://doi.org/10.52131/pjhss.2024.v12i2.2157
Nauman, M., & Ahmad, R. (2024b). Economic, Political, and Institutional Determinants of Budget Deficit: A Dynamic Panel Data Approach to South Asian Countries. iRASD Journal of Economics, 6(1), 175–198. https://doi.org/10.52131/joe.2024.0601.0201
Permendagri No. 15 Tahun 2024. (t.t.). Database Peraturan | JDIH BPK. Diambil 19 Oktober 2025, dari http://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/304633/permendagri-no-15-tahun-2024
PMK No. 75 Tahun 2024. (t.t.). Database Peraturan | JDIH BPK. Diambil 19 Oktober 2025, dari http://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/306326/pmk-no-75-tahun-2024
Pranoto, F. C., Hasthoro, H. A., & Nurwiyanta, N. (2022). Determinan Financial Distress Pemerintah Daerah. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Hasil Riset (SNHR), (0). https://e-journal.janabadra.ac.id/index.php/snhr/article/view/2034
Prassoga, T., & Soebagiyo, D. (2025). Analysis of Factors Affecting Budget Deficit in Indonesia. Jambura Equilibrium Journal, 7(1), 26–32. https://doi.org/10.37479/jej.v7i1.27746
Ramadhan, H. R., & Ratifah, I. (2023). Pengaruh Kemandirian Keuangan Dan Derajat Desentralisasi Terhadap Financial Distress (Studi Empiris Pada Kabupaten/Kota Di Wilayah Provinsi Jawa Barat Tahun Anggaran 2017-2021) [Other, Universitas Pasundan Bandung]. http://repository.unpas.ac.id/66183/
Sari, N., Olilingo, F. Z., Santoso, I. R., Mopangga, H., & Akib, F. H. Y. (2025). Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Pendapatan Asli Daerah (PAD) Provinsi Sulawesi Teggara. KNOWLEDGE: Jurnal Inovasi Hasil Penelitian Dan Pengembangan, 5(2), 273–279. https://doi.org/10.51878/knowledge.v5i2.5325
Sondakh, C. A., Rorong, I. P. F., & Sumual, J. I. (2023). Analisis Ketimpangan Pendapatan Dan Kualitas Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Empat Kota Di Provinsi Sulawesi Utara. Jurnal Berkala Ilmiah Efisiensi, 23(4), 1–12.
Syarifudin, A., & Suwandi, E. D. (2025). Ketimpangan Fiskal Pasca UU HKPD: Analisis PDRD, Kemandirian, Dan Pola Belanja Kabupaten/Kota Di Jawa Tengah. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Teknologi Informasi Dan Bisnis, 1560–1572. https://doi.org/10.47701/59eeb405
Ubi, B. B., Agbo, N. I., Oluwaseun, O., Ubi, J. J., Okpanachi, Y. I., & Sezuo, A. H. (2024). A Theoretical Review on Budget Deficit in Nigeria. Law and Economy, 3(11), 1–5.
Ulum, M. B., & Syaputri, A. G. G. (2021). Defisit Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Daerah Kabupaten/Kota Provinsi di Sumatera Selatan. Journal Management, Business, and Accounting, 20(2), 111–122. https://doi.org/10.33557/mbia.v20i2.1383
von Weizsäcker, C. C., & Krämer, H. M. (2021). Investment, Saving and Stagnation from a Keynesian Perspective. Dalam C. C. von Weizsäcker & H. M. Krämer (Ed.), Saving and Investment in the Twenty-First Century: The Great Divergence (hlm. 201–223). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75031-2_7
Wahyudi, T., Nawawi, M., & Pohan, E. S. (2023). Desentralisasi Fiskal Dan Efisiensi Anggaran: Tinjauan Sistematis. Jurnal Dinamika Ekonomi Rakyat, 2(2), 32–49. https://doi.org/10.24246/dekat.v2i2.15509
Wulandari, P., Ramadhan, P. R., & Tripriyono, A. (2025). Analisis Pengaruh Pendapatan Asli Daerah Dan Dana Alokasi Umum Terhadap Belanja Daerah Pada Kabupaten/Kota Provinsi Sumatera Utara Periode 2018-2020. Economics and Digital Business Review, 6(2), 1123–1132.
Yasrizal, Y., Mahrizal, M., Wahyuningsih, Y. E., Mahrizal, M., Harmaini, H., & Syafrizal, S. (2023). Regional Financial Efficiency Ratio and Suitability in Improving Regional Development of West Aceh Regency. Jurnal Ilmiah Teunuleh, 4(3). https://doi.org/10.51612/teunuleh.v4i3.147
Yuandina, Y., & Inayati, I. (2024). Financial Performance Analysis of Dumai City Regional Government Financial Reports. Journal La Bisecoman, 5(4), 577–593. https://doi.org/10.37899/journallabisecoman.v5i4.1333
Zahariev, A. (2021). The Keynesian Theory Of Deficit Financing. Dalam Debt Management (hlm. 18–25). ABAGAR. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348649907_THE_KEYNESIAN_THEORY_OF_DEFICIT_FINANCING
License
Copyright (c) 2026 I Gede Wiprada Pasupati, Ni Luh Putu Wiagustini, I Wayan Terimajaya

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.




