DEVELOPMENT OF A FOUNDATIONAL PLAY-BASED INTERVENTION MODEL THROUGH PARENT AND PAUD TEACHER COLLABORATION TO ENHANCE SOCIAL SKILLS IN AUTISTIC CHILDREN
Main Article Content
Esty Faatinisa
Endang Rochyadi
Achmad Hufad
Imas Diana Aprilia
Play is widely recognized as an effective method for enhancing social skills in autistic children. However, play involves developmental stages that necessitate alignment with the child's specific play abilities. Consequently, there is a need for a play-based intervention model that can be utilized by parents and early childhood education teachers to improve social skills in autistic children within Early Childhood Education (PAUD) settings. This study aimed to develop an effective play-based model for enhancing social skills in autistic children by maximizing the roles of both parents and teachers. This research employed a mixed-methods approach using an Exploratory Sequential Design. Research data were obtained from two playgroup (Kober) teachers, three mothers of autistic children attending these playgroups, and three autistic children who served as the primary intervention subjects. Data collection techniques included observation, interviews, and documentation. Qualitative data were analyzed through data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. Meanwhile, quantitative data were analyzed using the Single Subject Research (SSR) method, focusing on within-condition and between-condition analyses, as well as calculating the average skill improvement of the subjects. The research findings indicate that: (1) The social skills of autistic children were notably low, particularly in eye contact ability and imitation behavior, which are fundamental social skills for autistic children. (2) The play patterns implemented by teachers and parents thus far tended not to consider the child's developmental stage and play abilities. (3) The model's development was based on empirical studies (needs analysis) and a comprehensive literature review that informed the concept and implementation process of the foundational play-based intervention model for parent-teacher collaboration. (4) Based on the evaluation, the foundational play-based intervention model involving parent-teacher collaboration was found to be effective in enhancing the social skills of autistic children, specifically in their eye contact ability and imitation behavior.
Acar, C., Tekin-Iftar, E., & Yikmis, A. (2017). Effects of mother-delivered social stories and video modeling in teaching social skills to children with autism spectrum disorders. … Journal of Special Education, Query date: 2024-01-27 10:10:16. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022466916649164
Alak, G. (2024). Relationship between imitation skills and maternal responsiveness for children with autism spectrum disorder: A longitudinal study. International Journal of Developmental Disabilities. https://doi.org/10.1080/20473869.2024.2355384
Arifudin, O. (2025). Application Of Steam Learning Methods To Increase Student Creativity And Innovation. International Journal of Teaching and Learning (INJOTEL), 3(1), 97–108.
Bandura, A. (1976). Social Learning Theory (1st ed.). Prentice-Hall.
Bentenuto, A., Perzolli, S., de Falco, S., & Venuti, P. (2022). Play in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder (pp. 240–267). https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-5068-0.ch013
Bjorklund, G., Saad, K., Chirumbolo, S., Kern, J. K., Geier, D. A., Geier, M. R., & Urbina, M. A. (2016). Immune dysfunction and neuroinflammation in autism spectrum disorder. Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis, 76(4), 257–268. https://doi.org/10.21307/ane-2017-025
Boswell, J., Carotti-Snigg, C., Root, W. B., & Billington, E. J. (2023). Using Computer Applications in Teaching Play Skills to Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder. International Journal on Social and Education Sciences, 5(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.46328/ijonses.414
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The Ecology of Human Development. HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS.
Charlop, M., Lang, R., & Rispoli, M. (2018). Play and social skills for children with autism spectrum disorder. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72500-0
Connie Kasari & Ya-Chih Chang. (2014). Play Development in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders: Skills, Object Play, and Interventions. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118911389.HAUTC11
Contaldo, A. (2016). The Social Effect of “Being Imitated” in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 726–726. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPSYG.2016.00726
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th ed). SAGE Publications.
Dantas, A. C., & do Nascimento, M. Z. (2022). Recognition of Emotions for People with Autism: An Approach to Improve Skills. International Journal of Computer Games Technology, 2022(1), 6738068. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6738068
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5TM, 5th ed (pp. xliv, 947). (2013). American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
Erika Balog. (2024). Playing therapy for children with disorders from the autistic spectrum. Norma, 29(1), 25–40. https://doi.org/10.5937/norma29-51573
Fatmawati, A., Pudyaningtyas, A. R., & Zuhro, N. S. (2021). Hubungan Pola Asuh Orang Tua Demokratis Dengan Keterampilan Sosial Anak Usia 5-6 Tahun. Kumara Cendekia, 9(4), 218. https://doi.org/10.20961/kc.v9i4.54791
Hayes, N., O’Toole, L., & Halpenny, A. M. (2023). INTRODUCING BRONFENBRENNER A Guide for Practitioners and Students in Early Years Education.
Hilary Margret Gould. (2015). Teaching to play or playing to teach: An examination of play targets and generalization in two interventions for children with autism.
Hirsch, J., Zhang, X., Noah, J. A., Dravida, S., Adam J. Naples, Julie M. Wolf, & James C. McPartland. (2022). Neural correlates of eye contact and social function in autism spectrum disorder. PLOS ONE, 17(11), e0265798–e0265798. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265798
Huang, A., Jia, M., & Wheeler, J. (2013). Children with autism in the People’s Republic of China: Diagnosis, legal issues, and educational services. … of Autism and Developmental Disorders, Query date: 2023-06-16 09:52:45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-012-1722-6
Idil Secil & Deniz Ertan. (2022). The effect of play on social and linguistic skills of children with autism spectrum disorder. Open Schools Journal for Open Science, 5(4). https://doi.org/10.12681/osj.28389
Ingersoll, B. (2012). Brief Report: Effect of a focused imitation intervention on social functioning in children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(8), 1768–1773. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10803-011-1423-6
Isnaini, W., & Sulthoni, S. (2014). PENGARUH PERMAINAN ULAR TANGGA TERHADAP PENINGKATAN KEMAMPUAN BAHASA EKSPRESIF ANAK AUTIS. Jurnal ORTOPEDAGOGIA, 1(3), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.17977/um031v1i32014p231-237
Jaywant, S. S., Ganesh, T., & Samir, H. (2024). Play skills and developmental trajectory in preschool children with mild to moderate autism spectrum disorders. Indian Journal of Applied Research. https://doi.org/10.36106/ijar/0903667
Kaeser, S. R.-, Thommen, E., Baggioni, L., & Stankovic, M. (2017). 10 Play in Children with Autism Spectrum and Other Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Degruyter.Com. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110522143-012
Knowles, M. S., Holton III, E. F., & Swanson, R. A. (2005). The Definitive Classic in Adult Education and Human Resource Development. Elsevier.
Kusmawan, A. (2025). The Relationship Between Teacher Involvement in Curriculum Development and Student Learning Outcomes. International Journal of Educatio Elementaria and Psychologia, 2(1), 1–12.
Lahiya, A. (2025). Education Administration Reform: A Case Study On The Implementation Of The Merdeka Curriculum. INJOSEDU: International Journal of Social and Education, 2(2), 29–37.
Latrèche, K., Kojovic, N., Pittet, I., & Natraj, S. (2024). Gesture Imitation Performance and Visual Exploration in Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-024-06595-w
Lily Sardiani Daulay & Khadijah. (2023). Hakikat bermain sosio drama dalam mengembangkan aspek perkembangan sosial anak usia dini. Incrementapedia : Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 5(2), 8–12. https://doi.org/10.36456/incrementapedia.vol5.no2.a8250
Maleki, M., Mardani, A., Chehrzad, M. M., Dianatinasab, M., & Vaismoradi, M. (2019). Social Skills in Children at Home and in Preschool. Behavioral Sciences, 9(7), 74. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs9070074
Munch, T. N., Hedley, P., Hagen, C. M., Bækvad-Hansen, M., Bybjerg-Grauholm, J., Grove, J., Nordentoft, M., Børglum, A. D., Mortensen, P. B., Werge, T. M., Melbye, M., Hougaard, D. M., & Christiansen, M. (2020). Co-occurring Hydrocephalus and Polygenic Risk in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Danish Population-based Cohort Study. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-41560/v1
Musyarofah, M. (2018). Pengembangan Aspek Sosial Anak Usia Dini Di Taman Kanak-Kanak Aba Iv Mangli Jember Tahun 2016. Inject (Interdisciplinary Journal of Communication), 2(1), 99. https://doi.org/10.18326/inject.v2i1.99-122
Olcay-Gul, S., & Vuran, S. (2019). Effectiveness of teaching social skills to individuals with autism spectrum disorders using cool versus not cool. Education and Training in Autism and Developmental …, Query date: 2023-06-16 09:52:45. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26663972
Papacek, A. M. (2015). The Role of Peer Guided Play for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Special Education Professionals, Query date: 2025-05-16 15:32:59. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/17a9701884a71a3c3ccd469109c100dc39697589
Pastari, M., Meilina, M., Martini, S., Endriyani, S., & Sumastri, H. (2024). The Impact of Modifying Lema (Lego and Maze) Game on Stimming Behaviors in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Indonesian Journal of Global Health Research, 6(S5), Article S5. https://doi.org/10.37287/ijghr.v6iS5.4898
Polakoff, B., & Clark, E. (2017). Social Competence. 1–2. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56782-2_1493-2
Pratiwi, L. A., & Saloko, E. (2023). Pengaruh Permainan Ular Tangga terhadap Peningkatan Social Skills dan Playfulness Anak Autisme Spectrum Disorders di Sekolah Al – Firdaus Surakarta. Jurnal Terapi Wicara Dan Bahasa, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.59686/jtwb.v1i2.45
Rahmadianti, N. (2020). Pemahaman Orang Tua Mengenai Urgensi Bermain Dalam Meningkatkan Perkembangan Sosial Anak Usia Dini. Early Childhood : Jurnal Pendidikan, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.35568/earlychildhood.v4i1.717
Rachman, S., & Cahyani, I. (2019). Perkembangan Keterampilan Sosial Anak Usia Dini. (Japra) Jurnal Pendidikan Raudhatul Athfal (Japra), 2(1), 52–65. https://doi.org/10.15575/japra.v2i1.5312
Raluca Cristina Vărăşteanu, Cercetare în Sănătate Mintală, I. „Alessandrescu-R., Bucureşti, Cezarina Daniela Stănescu Boţan, Raluca Dafina Ionuţiu, Andrei Kozma, Centrul de Sănătate Mintală, I. „Alessandrescu-R., Bucureşti, Academia de Ştiinţe Medicale din România, & Academia Oamenilor de Ştiinţă din România. (2020). Cultural aspects of play. Implications for the psychological evaluation and therapy of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. 15(4), 425–429. https://doi.org/10.37897/RJMP.2020.4.11
Russell Lang, Mark F. O’Reilly, Mandy Rispoli, Karrie A. Shogren, Wendy Machalicek, Jeff Sigafoos, & April Regester. (2009). Review of Interventions to Increase Functional and Symbolic Play in Children with Autism. Education and Training in Developmental Disabilities, 44(4), 481–492.
Rylaarsdam, L., & Guemez-Gamboa, A. (2019). Genetic Causes and Modifiers of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, 13, 385. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2019.00385
Rohmawati, A. (2018). Children’s Social Skills Stimulation Viewed From Early Childhood Education Unit in Indonesia. International Journal of Educational Research Review, 3(3), 69–73. https://doi.org/10.24331/ijere.443852
Selvaraj, A., & Christopher, S. (2022). Parental Perspectives of Social Interaction in Children with Autism. International Journal of Health Sciences, I, 3945–3954. https://doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v6nS1.5692
Senju, A., & Johnson, M. H. (2009). Atypical eye contact in autism: Models, mechanisms and development. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 33(8), 1204–1214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.06.001
Shalehah, N., Suminar, T., & Diana, D. (2023). Strategi Guru Dalam Meningkatkan Keterampilan Sosial Anak Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Jurnal Obsesi Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 7(5), 5757–5766. https://doi.org/10.31004/obsesi.v7i5.5287
Sigman, M., & Ungerer, J. A. (1984). Cognitive and language skills in autistic, mentally retarded, and normal children. Developmental Psychology, 20(2). https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.20.2.293
Spain, D., & Blainey, S. (2015). Group social skills interventions for adults with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review. Autism, Query date: 2024-01-27 10:10:16. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361315587659
Sunanto, J., Takeuchi, K., & Nakata, H. (2005). Pengantar Penelitian Dengan Subyek Tunggal. CRICED University of Tsukuba.
Tanabe, H. C., Kosaka, H., Saito, D. N., Koike, T., Hayashi, M. J., Izuma, K., Komeda, H., Ishitobi, M., Omori, M., Munesue, T., Okazawa, H., Wada, Y., & Sadato, N. (2012). Hard to “tune in”: Neural mechanisms of live face-to-face interaction with high-functioning autistic spectrum disorder. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2012.00268
Tonge, B., Brereton, A., Kiomall, M., Mackinnon, A., & ... (2014). A randomised group comparison-controlled trial of “preschoolers with autism”: A parent education and skills training intervention for young children with autistic …. …, Query date: 2024-01-27 10:10:16. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361312458186
Ülvay, G. F., & Özkul, A. E. (2018). Social-Emotional Learning Competencies Scale of Secondary School Students. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics Science and Technology Education, 14(4). https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/82938
Williams, E., Reddy, V., & Costall, A. (2001). Taking a closer look at functional play in children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 31(1), 67–77. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005665714197
Yovita, M., & Tjakrawiralaksana, M. A. (2021). Penerapan Intervensi Social Story Dan Roleplay Untuk Meningkatkan Kompetensi Sosial Pada Remaja Dengan Autism Sepctrum Disorder. Jurnal Psikologi Insight, 5(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.17509/insight.v5i1.34221
Yu, Y., Su, Y., & Ch, R. (2011). The Relationship Between Visual Perspective Taking and Imitation Impairments in Children with Autism. In M.-R. Mohammadi (Ed.), A Comprehensive Book on Autism Spectrum Disorders. InTech. https://doi.org/10.5772/19717
Zhan, S., & Ottenbacher, K. J. (2001). Single subject research designs for disability research. Disability and Rehabilitation, 23(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638280150211202
