EVALUATION OF LAND SURFACE TEMPERATURE, VEGETATION DENSITY AND BUILT-UP LAND COVER CHANGES AFTER THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE BATANG INTEGRATED INDUSTRIAL ESTATE (KITB), CENTRAL JAVA
DOI:
10.54443/morfai.v5i6.4500Published:
2025-12-08Downloads
Abstract
The development of the Batang Integrated Industrial Estate (KITB) since 2020 has triggered large-scale land transformation that has the potential to affect environmental biophysical conditions, particularly land surface temperature (LST), vegetation density (NDVI), and built-up land cover (NDBI). This study aims to evaluate the spatial and temporal changes in these three parameters during the 2019–2024 period and to analyze the statistical relationships among these variables. The data used consist of Landsat 8 and Landsat 9 satellite imagery for the years 2019, 2021, 2023, and 2024, which were processed to derive LST using the mono-window method, NDVI through the NIR–Red band combination, and NDBI using the SWIR–NIR bands. Spatial analysis was conducted through the mapping of the distribution of each parameter, while statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and linear regression. The results indicate that the development of KITB has produced significant thermal and ecological impacts. LST increased from approximately 23–32°C in 2019 to 28–38°C in 2024, with higher temperature concentrations observed in the industrial core area and active construction zones. NDVI experienced a decline in areas that previously consisted of moderate to dense vegetation, particularly in the southern and western parts of the industrial estate, as indicated by the shift in NDVI map colors from green to brownish-red. Meanwhile, NDBI values showed a dominant increase in 2023–2024, corresponding to the expansion of built-up areas within the industrial zone. The correlation results show a strong negative relationship between NDVI and LST (r < 0), indicating that vegetation loss contributes to the increase in surface temperature. Conversely, a positive relationship was identified between NDBI and LST, suggesting that the expansion of built-up land cover contributes to surface warming. Overall, these findings confirm that the development of KITB has triggered significant increases in land surface temperature and vegetation degradation, highlighting the importance of green space management and thermal mitigation strategies in rapidly developing industrial areas.
Keywords:
LST NDVI NDBI KITB Land use change Spatial analysis Statistical regressionReferences
Bagyaraj, M., Senapathi, V., Karthikeyan, S., Chung, S. Y., Khatibi, R., Nadiri, A. A., & Asgari Lajayer, B. (2023). A study of urban heat island effects using remote sensing and GIS techniques in Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu, India. Urban Climate, 51(January), 101597.
Bevacqua, E., Schleussner, C. F., & Zscheischler, J. (2025). A year above 1.5 °C signals that Earth is most probably within the 20-year period that will reach the Paris Agreement limit. Nature Climate Change, 15(March).
BMKG. (2024). Suhu Udara Rata-rata Indonesia Meningkat 1,02°C Selama 44 Tahun. Badan Meteorologi Klimatologi Dan Geofisika. https://www.bmkg.go.id/iklim/informasi-tren-suhu.bmkg
Damayanti, A., Khairunisa, F. I., & Maulidina, K. (2023). Impacts of Land Cover Changes on Land Surface Temperature using Landsat Imagery with the Supervised Classification Method. Aceh International Journal of Science and Technology, 12(1), 116–125.
Hussain, S., Raza, A., Abdo, H. G., Mubeen, M., Tariq, A., Nasim, W., Majeed, M., Almohamad, H., & Al Dughairi, A. A. (2023). Relation of land surface temperature with different vegetation indices using multi-temporal remote sensing data in Sahiwal region, Pakistan. Geoscience Letters, 10(1).
Kagabo, A., Safari, B., Gasore, J., Kipkoech Mutai, B., & Ndakize Sebaziga, J. (2024). Assessing the impact of Land Use Land Cover changes on land surface temperature over Kigali, Rwanda in the past three decades. Environmental and Sustainability Indicators, 23(August), 100452.
Mahendra, I. M. A. J. I. . (2023). Strategi_Perencanaan_Kawasan_Industri_Dalam_Tata_R. 6(1), 45–54.
Meng, Q., Hu, D., Zhang, Y., Chen, X., Zhang, L., & Wang, Z. (2022). Do industrial parks generate intra-heat island effects in cities? New evidence, quantitative methods, and contributing factors from a spatiotemporal analysis of top steel plants in China. Environmental Pollution, 292(PB), 118383.
Mulyana, N. F., Usman, F., & Hasyim, A. W. (2023). Pengaruh Perubahan Tutupan Lahan Terhadap Perubahan Suhu Permukaan di Kawasan Perkotaan Karawang. Planning for Urban and Regional Environment, 12(1), 77–84.
Mustakim, C. M., Wijaya, A. P., & Yusuf, M. A. (2023). Analisis Perubahan Zona Nilai Tanah Tahun 2017-2022 Akibat Pembangunan Kawasan Industri Terpadu (Studi Kasus: Kecamatan Tulis, Kabupaten Batang). Jurnal Geodesi Undip, 12(2), 1–10.
Nurdin, R. R., & Navitas, P. (2022). Arahan Pengembangan Kawasan Sempadan Sungai di Kawasan Industri Terpadu Batang dengan Konsep Water Sensitive Urban Design. Jurnal Teknik ITS, 11(3).
Oli, D., Gyawali, B., Neupane, B., & Oshikoya, S. (2025). Assessment of land use land cover changes and its impact on variations of land surface temperature in Asansol-Durgapur Development Region. Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science, 22(2), 203–218.
Panigrahi, M., & Sharma, A. (2025). Urban growth dynamics and its influence on land surface temperature in Bhubaneswar metropolitan city: a 1990–2021 analysis. Discover Applied Sciences, 7(2).
Portela, C. I., Massi, K. G., Rodrigues, T., & Alcântara, E. (2020). Impact of urban and industrial features on land surface temperature: Evidences from satellite thermal indices. Sustainable Cities and Society, 56(February), 102100.
Prasetyo, Y., Bashit, N., & Baihaqi, H. F. (2021). Analisis Korelasi Kawasan Pengembangan Kendal Industrial Park Terhadap Ruang Terbuka Hijau. Jurnal Kelautan Tropis, 24(1), 102–112.
Reyes-Avila, A. D., & Baxter, R. A. (2024). Assessment of urbanization impacts in Tegucigalpa urban greenness via normalized difference vegetation index. Trees, Forests and People, 18(September), 100680.
Roba, Z. R., Aiymeku, T. G., & Gurmessa, T. T. (2024). Impact of land cover changes on land surface temperature variations in Adama City, Ethiopia. Journal of Water and Climate Change, 15(10), 5041–5059.
Salan, M. S. A., & Bhuiyan, M. A. H. (2024). Estimating impacts of micro-scale land use/land cover change on urban thermal comfort zone in Rajshahi, Bangladesh: A GIS and remote sensing based approach. Urban Climate, 58(October), 102187.
Shah, S. A. (2022). Statistical Analysis of Land Surface Temperature and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index Relationship Based on Remote Sensing. EScientific, Volume 4(Issue 3).
Singh, R., & Kapoor, N. (2025). Assessing the impact of land use land cover change and urbanization on urban heat island through Remote Sensing and Geospatial Techniques in Jhansi, India. Urban Climate, 61(April), 102432.
Ummah, M. S. (2020). Land Surface Temperature Assessment in Central Sumatra, Indonesia. Sustainability (Switzerland), 11(1), 1–14.
Yasin, A., Ali, A., & Ahmed, N. (2024). Time-series analysis of Leaf Area Index and Land Surface Temperature Association using Sentinel-2 and Landsat OLI data. Environmental Systems Research, 6.
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Nurhidayah, Ahmad Hadi Ma’ruf, Rina Kurniati, Kasiyati
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Downloads
How to Cite
