EVALUATING SOUTH AFRICA’S IMPLEMENTATION OF ITS INDUSTRIAL POLICY (1994 - 2023)

Molebowe Frans Kgaloshi; Farai Nyika

doi:10.54443/ijerlas.v4i2.1706

EVALUATING SOUTH AFRICA’S IMPLEMENTATION OF ITS INDUSTRIAL POLICY (1994 - 2023)

Molebowe Frans Kgaloshi

Farai Nyika

Abstract: We evaluate the effectiveness of the implementation of South Africa’s industrial policy between 1994 and 2023, to provide policy makers with informed recommendations for improving the effectiveness of this policy. The methodology used in this paper is that of the desktop literature review of government policy documents, legislation, industrial output reports, and academic work related to South African industrialization. We find that South Africa’s industrial policy in South Africa failed to reach its stated targets as there were many problems that contributed to its ineffective implementation. The study recommends that policymakers must revise its industrial policies (to improve its clarity, consistency, and scope) and improve the services provided by the public sector, to enhance industrialization’s effectiveness in growing South Africa’s economy.

Keywords: economic growth, structural reform, public sector, manufacturing

Abdinor, Brandon, and Sithole, Michelle, (2024), “Polluter Pays for Climate Change Loss and damage. A report on the KZN flooding of 2022, its links to climate change, and how the law might be used to claim for losses and damages from the world’s largest GHG emitters”, Centre for Environmental rights, Cape Town. https://cer.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Polluter-Pays.pdf

Adams, Charles, and Yu, Derek, (2022), “Labour market trends in South Africa in 2009-2019: A lost decade?” Stellenbosch Economic Working Papers: WP03/2022, Stellenbosch: University of Stellenbosch.

Ahmed, Farhan., Ali, Imtiaz., Kousar, Shazia., and Ahmed, Saira, (2022), “The environmental impact of industrialization and foreign direct investment: empirical evidence from Asia-Pacific region”, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-15.

Ahmad, Hadiqa, Muhammad Yaqub, and Seung Hwan Lee, (2023), “Environmental-, social-, and governance-related factors for business investment and sustainability: a scientometric review of global trends,” Environment, Development and Sustainability (2024), 26: 2965–2987.

Alansary, Omar Sharaf-addeen., and Tareq Al-Ansari., (2023), “Defining ‘free zones’: A systematic review of literature”, Heliyon, 9.

Altbeker, Antony, (2021), “The Siren Song of Localisation: Why localisation policy will not lead to industrialization”, Centre for Development and Enterprise (CDE).

Andreoni, Antonio., Mondliwa, Pamela., Roberts, Simon., & Tregenna, Fiona., (2021), “Towards a New Industrial Policy for Structural Transformation”, In: Structural Transformation in South Africa: The Challenges of Inclusive Industrial Development in a Middle-Income Country, (Eds): A. Andreoni., P. Mondliwa, S. Roberts, and F. Tregenna, Oxford University Press: Oxford.

Avenyo, Elvis, K., Bosiu, Teboho., and Nyamwena, Julius, (2023). Localisation in South Africa: Analysis of key emerging issues. CCRED-IDTT Working Paper 2023/1.

Averchenkova, Alina, Kate Elizabeth Gannon, and Patrick Curran., (2019), “Governance of climate change policy: A case study of South Africa”, London: Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment and Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Bell, Jason., Goga, Sumayya., Mondliwa, Pamela., & Roberts, Simon., (2018), “Structural Transformation in South Africa: Moving Towards a Smart, Open Economy for All”, (April 1, 2018). CCRED Working Paper No. 9/2018. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3269732 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3269732

Besada, Hany, (2021). Energy futures in South Africa. Wits School of Governance. Johannesburg: University of the Witwatersrand.

Black, Anthony., Craig, Stephanie., & Dunne, Paul., (2018), “Why has manufacturing employment declined so rapidly”, Online]. Cape Town: Econ3 (3. Accessed October 16, 2018. http://www. econ3 (3. org/article/why-hasmanufacturing-employment-declined-so-rapidly

Brand South Africa. (2022). Annual Report 2021/2022. Johannesburg. https://nationalgovernment.co.za/entity_annual/3072/2022-brand-south-africa-annual-report.pdf. Date of access: 27 July 2023.

Campos Pereira Bruhn, Nádia - Calegario, Cristina Lelis Leal - Borges, Michelle da Silva, (2018), “Industrial policy, economic growth and international engagement: a comparison of selected countries”, CEPAL Review N° 135. December 2021.

Nicola Casarini, Edward Cavanough, Leonardo Coutinho, Douglas Farah, Artak. Kyurumyan, Niva Yau., (2022), “Coercion, Capture, and Censorship: Case Studies on the CCP's Quest for Global Influence”, International Republican Institute, Washington DC.

Cherif, Reda, Fuad Hasanov, Mr Nikola Spatafora, Rahul Giri, Dimitre Milkov, Mr Saad N. Quayyum, Mr Gonzalo Salinas, and Andrew M. Warner, (2022), “Industrial policy for growth and diversification: A conceptual framework”, International Monetary Fund.

Department of Forestry, FisheriesFisheries, and the Environment, (2023). South Africa’s 5th Biennial Update Report (BUR-5) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). South Africa: Pretoria.

Department of Trade and Industry (the DTI), (2018), Industrial Policy Action plan 2018/19 – 2020/21 (IPAP, 2018). The DTI, Pretoria.

Department of Trade and Industry (the DTI). (2007). National Industrial Policy Framework. The DTI, Pretoria. http://www.thedti.gov.za/. Date accessed: 13 March 2021.

Department of Trade and Industry (the DTI). (2017). Industrial Policy Action plan 2017/18 – 2019/20 (IPAP, 2017). The DTI, Pretoria.

Department of Trade, Industry and Competition (2023). the dticThe DTIC Annual Performance Plan 2023/24. Presentation to the Select Committee on Trade and Industry, Economic Development, Small Business Development, Tourism, Employment and Labour 9 May 2023. https://www.thedtic.gov.za/wp-content/uploads/the-dtic-2023-24-APP-SC.pdf.

Eskom. (2021). Integrated Report 2021. Johannesburg: South Africa

Fawzy, Samer, Ahmed I. Osman, John Doran, and David W. Rooney, (2020), “Strategies for mitigation of climate change: a review”, Environmental Chemistry Letters, 18: 2069–2094.

Fotoyi, Asanda., Tetani, Siphosethu., Tsedu, Mbofholowo. and Wood, Christopher, (2016), “Analysis of Existing Industrial Policies and The State of Implementation in South Africa”. Trade & Industrial Policy Strategies. Accessed on: 01 January 2018. http://www.fes-southafrica.org/fileadmin/user_upload/TIPS_IP_REVIEW_FES-Revised_Final_Dec_2016_edit.pdf.

Fourie, David, and Cornel Malan, (2020), “Public procurement in the South African economy: Addressing the systemic issues”, Sustainability, 12(20), 8692.

Goga, Sumayya., & Avenyo, Elvis, Korku, (2022), “Industrial policy, the manufacturing sector and black empowerment in South Africa”, Transformation: Critical Perspectives on Southern Africa, 109(1), 80-111.

Gumede, William, (2023) “Leveraging special economic zones for growth. Inclusive Society Institute, Occasional Paper 10/2023”, https://www.inclusivesociety.org.za/post/leveraging-special-economic-zones-for-growth.

Haasbroek, Adri, (2019), “Evaluating the design of special economic zones as a tax incentive in South Africa. Potchefstroom: North-West University. (Mini-Dissertation – Master of Commerce)

Hartley, Ray, Greg Mills, and Mills Soko, (2023), “The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly: Scenarios for South Africa's Uncertain Future”, Pan Macmillan South Africa.

Hausmann, Ricardo, Federico Sturzenegger, Patricio Goldstein, Frank Muci, and Douglas Barrios, (2022), “Macroeconomic risks after a decade of microeconomic turbulence: South Africa 2007–2020”, WIDER Working Paper 2022/3. Helsinki: UNU-WIDER.

International Monetary Fund, (2023), “South Africa Carbon Pricing and Climate Mitigation Policy”, African Dept, Volume 2023: Issue 195, Washington DC: International Monetary Fund.

Johnston, Peter., Egbebiyi, Temitope. S., Zvobgo, Luckson., Omar, Sabina, Abba., Cartwright, Anton., and Hewitson, Bruce., (2024), “Climate Change Impacts in South Africa: What Climate Change Means for a Country and its People”, 2024 Report. Cape Town: University of Cape Town. https://web.csag.uct.ac.za/~cjack/South%20Africa_FINAL_22%20Jan_ONLINE.pdf.

Jomo, Kwame, Sundaram, (2019) “Southeast Asia's Misunderstood Miracle: Industrial Policy and Economic Development in Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia”, New York: Routledge.

Kamanzi, Brian, (2021), “The Crisis in South Africa’s Energy Sector: Towards a Just Transition centring job creation and social ownership”, Working Document No. 3, Johannesburg: Tricontinental - Institute for Social Research.

Kaplan, David, (2019), “South Africa’s Industrial Policy: Time for a review and a rethink. Viewpoints”, Centre for Development and Enterprise, (8).

Kohnert, Dirk, (2024), The impact of the industrialized nation's CO2 emissions on climate change in Sub-Saharan Africa: Case studies from South Africa, Nigeria, and the DR Congo. Hamburg. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-92329-4.

Kohnert, Dirk, (2024), “The impact of the industrialized nation's CO2 emissions on climate change in Sub-Saharan Africa: Case studies from South Africa, Nigeria, and the DR Congo”, Social Science Open Access Repository (SSOAR). https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-92329-4

Lippolis, Nicolas and Peel, Stephen, (2018), “Issues in Industrial Policy design and Implementation: Definitions, Pigovian Policymakers, and Institutional Architectures. Rethinking African Paths to Industrial Development (RAPID)”, Centre for the Study of African Economies (CSAE).

Makgetla, N. (2019). Neva Makgetla: SA is relaunching industrial policy, but what does that mean? https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/opinion/columnists/2019-10-28-neva-makgetla-despite-its-lofty-spot-sa-must-foster-regional-growth/

Marais, Susan, (2022), “Call up your soil microbe army and win the battle for profit!”, https://www.farmersweekly.co.za/farming-basics/how-to-crop/call-up-your-soil-microbe-army-and-win-the-battle-for-profit/

Matyana, Mandisi, and Xolani Thusi, (2023), Unemployment and poverty in South Africa: Assessing the National Development Plan 2030 predictions. International Journal of Development and Sustainability, 12(6), 212-226.

Meridian Economics, (2022a), “Resolving the Power Crisis Part A: Insights from 2021 – SA’s Worst Load Shedding Year So Far”, https://meridianeconomics.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Resolving-Load-Shedding-Part-A-2021-analysis-01.pdf.

Meridian Economics, (2022b), “Resolving the Power Crisis Part B: An Achievable Game Plan to End Load Shedding”, https://meridianeconomics.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Resolving-Load-Shedding-Part-B-The-Game-Plan-01.pdf.

Mohlakoana, Nthabiseng, Peta Wolpe, and Anda David, (2023), “Unbundling ESKOM: How would a new distribution system impact on energy poverty”, AFD Research Papers, 1-46. https://www.cairn-int.info/journal--2023-269-page-1.htm.

Mondliwa, Pamela, Sumayya Goga, and Simon Roberts, (2021), “Competition, productive capabilities and structural transformation in South Africa”, The European Journal of Development Research, 33, 253-274.

Naidoo, Dominic, (2023), “Carbon emissions: a bigger sink or a clamp?”, The African, https://theafrican.co.za/environment/carbon-emissions-a-bigger-sink-or-a-clamp-ebd3f60f-666b-412b-8fdf-501d2cc700a4/.

Ngam, Roland Nkwain, (2021), “Government-driven land and Agrarian Reform Programmes in Post-Apartheid South Africa–a Brief History (1994-2021)”, African Sociological Review/Revue Africaine de Sociologie, 25(1), 131-152.

Nicol, Martin, (2021), “SA’s reliance on coal remains major hurdle to ‘just transition”, New Agenda: South African Journal of Social and Economic Policy, 2021(81), 3-10.

Page, John, and Finn Tarp, (2017), “The practice of industrial policy: Government—Business coordination in Africa and East Asia”, 336, Oxford University Press: Oxford.

Pandarum, Aradhna, Nthabeleng B. Tlokolo, Abram Marema, Tshwanelo K. Rakaibe, and Donah S. Simiyu, (2022), “Repurposing of coal-fired power stations and coal mines for a JUST transition in South Africa”, Alive2green. https://researchspace.csir.co.za/dspace/handle/10204/12750

Qumba, Mmiselo Freedom, (2023), “Evaluating South Africa's Special Economic Zones”, Journal of African Law, 67(2), 275-295.

Shackleton, Charlie, (2019), “Smallholder crop farming is on the decline in South Africa. Why it matters? The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/smallholder-crop-farming-is-on-the-decline-in-south-africa-why-it-matters-119333

Shah, Kishan, (2022), “Diagnosing South Africa's High Unemployment and Low Informality”, CID Research Fellow and Graduate Student Working Paper Series, 138, Harvard University: Cambridge.

Sibanda, S, Omphemetse, (2020), “AfCTA and the Trajectory of industrialization and Development Sustainability in Africa”, KOERS — Bulletin for Christian Scholarship, 85(1). https://doi.org/10.19108/KOERS.85.1.2484

Simandan, Dragos, (2020), industrialization, In: A. Kobayashi, (ed.), International Encyclopaedia of Human Geography, 2nd edition. 7, 255–260.

Slater, Donna, (2021), SEZ Programme successfully driving industrialization – DTIC. Creamer Media. https://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/sez-programme-successfully-driving-industrialization-dtic-2021-04-13.

Statistics South Africa, (2023), National Poverty Lines (2023). Statistical Release P0310.1. https://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P03101/P031012023.pdf

Statistics South Africa, (2024). P0211 - Quarterly Labour Force Survey (QLFS), Quarter 4: 2023. https://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0211/P02114thQuarter2023.pdf.

Stern, Nicholas, and Joseph E. Stiglitz, (2023), Climate change and growth. Industrial and Corporate Change, 32(2), 277-303.

Sulla, Victor, Precious Zikhali, and Pablo Facundo Cuevas, (2022), Inequality in Southern Africa: An Assessment of the Southern African Customs Union (English). Washington, D.C: World Bank Group. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099125303072236903/P1649270c02a1f06b0a3ae02e57eadd7a82

The Presidency (RSA), (2020), The Nation Policy Development Framework 2020. Pretoria, South Africa.

Trade Law Centre (tralac), (2020), Thinking afresh about Industrialization and Industrial Policy for Africa. Tralac Workshop Report. Pretoria, South Africa.

Tsedu, Mbofholowo, (2015), Reflections on the National Industrial Policy Framework and industrial policy implementation in South Africa post-2007. Policy Brief: 5/2015. Pretoria: Trade & Policy Strategies. Policy Brief: 5/2015. https://www.tips.org.za/policy-briefs/item/3100-reflections-on-the-national-industrial-policy-framework-and-industrial-policy-implementation-in-south-africa-post-2007

UNCTAD, (2023), The Economic Development in Africa Report 2023: The Potential of Africa to Capture Technology-intensive Global Supply Chains, Geneva, United Nations Publications. EDAR 2023.

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), (2018), Green Economy Policy review of South Africa’s Industrial Policy Framework. United Nations, Geneva

United States Agency for International Development (USAID), (2023). South Africa: Climate Change Country Profile (November 2023). Washington DC: USAID.

World Bank, (2018), South Africa Economic Update 1: Jobs and Equality. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Zalk, Nimrod, (2014), Industrial policy in a harsh climate: The case of South Africa. Transforming Economies: Making Industrial Policy Work for Growth, Jobs and Development. Geneva: ILO.

Zalk, Nimrod, (2021), “Structural Change in South Africa: A Historical Sectoral Perspective”. In: A. Andreoni, P. Mondliwa, and F. Tregenna, (eds): Structural Transformation in South Africa: The Challenges of Inclusive Industrial Development in a Middle-Income Country, Oxford University Press: Oxford.

Zoogah, Baniyelme, D., William Y. Degbey, and Maria Elo., (2023), “Industrial policy environments and the flourishing of African multinational enterprises”, Journal of international business policy, 6(4), 408-431.

Absah, Y., Sadalia, I., Yuliaty, T., & Ilham, R. N. (2023). Msmes In Medan City During the New Normal. Quality - Access to Success, 24(193), 322–327. https://doi.org/10.47750/QAS/24.193.36

Cen, C. C., Cahyadi, W., Cahyadi, L., Candrasa, L., Sinurat, M., Ilham, R. N., & Saputra, J. (2021). Factors that affect competence and affective commitment and its implication on job performance: a case study of Stie Medan, Indonesia. Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, 12, 4863–4870. https://doi.org/10.46254/an11.20210842

Fuadi, Hasibuan, A. F. H., Ilham, R. N., Falahuddin, Wahyuddin, Khaddafi, M., Munandar, & Saputra, J. (2021). Investigating the effect of micro Waqf bank sector expansion on poverty alleviation: An evidence from Indonesia rural communities. Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, 4150–4158. https://doi.org/10.46254/an11.20210745

Heikal, M., Ilham, R. N., Khaddafi, M., & Fuadi. (2022). Accelerate Economic Growth of Lhokseumawe City with Application of Supply Chain and Main Strategic Commodity Model Based on Sharia During the Covid-19 Pandemic. Quality - Access to Success, 23(191), 137–142. https://doi.org/10.47750/QAS/23.191.16

Ilham, R. N., Erlina, Fachrudin, K. A., Silalahi, A. S., & Saputra, J. (2019). Comparative of the supply chain and block chains to increase the country revenues via virtual tax transactions and replacing future of money. International Journal of Supply Chain Management, 8(5), 1066–1069.

Ilham, R. N., Erlina, Fachrudin, K. A., Silalahi, A. S., Saputra, J., & Albra, W. (2019). Investigation of the bitcoin effects on the country revenues via virtual tax transactions for purchasing management. International Journal of Supply Chain Management, 8(6), 737–740.

Mahdawi, Ratnawati, N., Saputra, J., Ilham, R. N., Siahaan, R., Jayanti, S. E., Sinurat, M., & Nainggolan, P. (2021). The effect of population growth on economic growth: An evidence from Indonesia. Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, July, 141–148. https://doi.org/10.46254/an11.20210843

Mahdawi, Triyono, Sinaga, S., Collyn, D., Zalukhu, R. S., Saputra, J., Ilham, R. N., & Harianto, S. (2021). Analyzing the banks’ performance through financial statements: An application of the modified du pont method. Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, 5593–5600. https://doi.org/10.46254/an11.20210947

Sadalia, I., Fadli, Ilham, R. N., Sinurat, M., Saputra, J., & Putri, D. E. (2021). Does social media affect banking industry financial performance in Indonesia. Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, 3454–3459. https://doi.org/10.46254/an11.20210620

Sadalia, I., Muharam, H., Mulyana, A., Saputra, J., & Ilham, R. N. (2020). A structural relationship of entrepreneurial orientation and innovation through supply chain management on competitive advantage of SMEs in North Sumatera, Indonesia: The mediating role of financing factor. International Journal of Supply Chain Management, 9(4), 237–243.

Nur Ilham, R. ., Arliansyah, A., Juanda, R., Multazam, M. ., & Saifanur, A. . (2021). RELATHIONSIP BETWEEN MONEY VELOCITY AND INFLATION TO INCREASING STOCK INVESTMENT RETURN: EFFECTIVE STRATEGIC BY JAKARTA AUTOMATED TRADING SYSTEM NEXT GENERATION (JATS-NG) PLATFORM. International Journal of Economic, Business, Accounting, Agriculture Management and Sharia Administration (IJEBAS), 1(1), 87–92. https://doi.org/10.54443/ijebas.v1i1.27

Yusuf Iis, E., Wahyuddin, W., Thoyib, A., Nur Ilham, R., & Sinta, I. (2022). THE EFFECT OF CAREER DEVELOPMENT AND WORK ENVIRONMENT ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE WITH WORK MOTIVATION AS INTERVENING VARIABLE AT THE OFFICE OF AGRICULTURE AND LIVESTOCK IN ACEH. International Journal of Economic, Business, Accounting, Agriculture Management and Sharia Administration (IJEBAS), 2(2), 227–236. https://doi.org/10.54443/ijebas.v2i2.191

Geovani, I. ., Nurkhotijah, S. ., Kurniawan, H. ., Milanie, F., & Nur Ilham, R. . (2021). JURIDICAL ANALYSIS OF VICTIMS OF THE ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION OF CHILDREN UNDER THE AGE TO REALIZE LEGAL PROTECTION FROM HUMAN RIGHTS ASPECTS: RESEARCH STUDY AT THE OFFICE OF SOCIAL AND COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT IN BATAM CITY. International Journal of Educational Review, Law And Social Sciences (IJERLAS), 1(1), 45–52. https://doi.org/10.54443/ijerlas.v1i1.10

Bustani, B., Khaddafi, M. ., & Nur Ilham, R. (2022). REGIONAL FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF REGENCY/CITY REGIONAL ORIGINAL INCOME IN ACEH PROVINCE PERIOD YEAR 2016-2020. International Journal of Educational Review, Law And Social Sciences (IJERLAS), 2(3), 459–468. https://doi.org/10.54443/ijerlas.v2i3.277

Nur Ilham, R., Heikal, M. ., Khaddafi, M. ., F, F., Ichsan, I., F, F., Abbas, D. ., Fauzul Hakim Hasibuan, A. ., Munandar, M., & Chalirafi, C. (2021). Survey of Leading Commodities Of Aceh Province As Academic Effort To Join And Build The Country. IRPITAGE JOURNAL, 1(1), 13–18. https://doi.org/10.54443/irpitage.v1i1.19

Nur ilham, R., Likdanawati, L., Hamdiah, H., Adnan, A., & Sinta, I. . (2022). COMMUNITY SERVICE ACTIVITIES “SOCIALIZATION AVOID STUDY INVESTMENT” TO THE STUDENT BOND OF SERDANG BEDAGAI. IRPITAGE JOURNAL, 2(2), 61–64. https://doi.org/10.54443/irpitage.v2i2.312

Falahuddin, F., Fuadi, . F., Munandar, M., Juanda, R. ., & Nur Ilham, R. . (2022). INCREASING BUSINESS SUPPORTING CAPACITY IN MSMES BUSINESS GROUP TEMPE BUNGONG NANGGROE KERUPUK IN SYAMTALIRA ARON DISTRICT, UTARA ACEH REGENCY. IRPITAGE JOURNAL, 2(2), 65–68. https://doi.org/10.54443/irpitage.v2i2.313

Majied Sumatrani Saragih, M. ., Hikmah Saragih, U. ., & Nur Ilham, R. . (2021). RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MOTIVATION AND EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION TO ICREASING ENTREPRENEURSHIP IMPLEMENTATION FROM SPP AL-FALAH GROUP AT BLOK 10 VILLAGE DOLOK MASIHUL. MORFAI JOURNAL, 1(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.54443/morfai.v1i1.11

Sandi, H. ., Afni Yunita, N. ., Heikal, M. ., Nur Ilham, R. ., & Sinta, I. . (2021). RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BUDGET PARTICIPATION, JOB CHARACTERISTICS, EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND WORK MOTIVATION AS MEDIATOR VARIABLES TO STRENGTHENING USER POWER PERFORMANCE: AN EMPERICAL EVIDENCE FROM INDONESIA GOVERNMENT. MORFAI JOURNAL, 1(1), 36–48. https://doi.org/10.54443/morfai.v1i1.14

Sinurat, M. ., Heikal, M. ., Simanjuntak, A. ., Siahaan, R. ., & Nur Ilham, R. . (2021). PRODUCT QUALITY ON CONSUMER PURCHASE INTEREST WITH CUSTOMER SATISFACTION AS A VARIABLE INTERVENING IN BLACK ONLINE STORE HIGH CLICK MARKET: Case Study on Customers of the Tebing Tinggi Black Market Online Store. MORFAI JOURNAL, 1(1), 13–21. https://doi.org/10.54443/morfai.v1i1.12

Ilham, Rico Nur. et all (2019). Investigation of the Bitcoin Effects on the Country Revenues via Virtual Tax Transactions for Purchasing Management. International Journal of Suplly Management.Volume 8 No.6 December 2019.

Ilham, Rico Nur. et all (2019).. Comparative of the Supply Chain and Block Chains to Increase the Country Revenues via Virtual Tax Transactions and Replacing Future of Money. International Journal of Suplly Management.Volume 8 No.5 August 2019.

Lasta Irawan, A. ., Briggs, D. ., Muhammad Azami, T. ., & Nurfaliza, N. (2021). THE EFFECT OF POSITION PROMOTION ON EMPLOYEE SATISFACTION WITH COMPENSATION AS INTERVENING VARIABLES: (Case Study on Harvesting Employees of PT. Karya Hevea Indonesia). International Journal of Social Science, Educational, Economics, Agriculture Research, and Technology (IJSET), 1(1), 11–20. https://doi.org/10.54443/ijset.v1i1.2

Rahmaniar, R., Subhan, S., Saharuddin, S., Nur Ilham, R. ., & Anwar, K. . (2022). THE INFLUENCE OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP ASPECTS ON THE SUCCESS OF THE CHIPS INDUSTRY IN MATANG GLUMPANG DUA AND PANTON PUMP. International Journal of Social Science, Educational, Economics, Agriculture Research, and Technology (IJSET), 1(7), 337–348. https://doi.org/10.54443/ijset.v1i7.36

likdanawati, likdanawati, Yanita, Y., Hamdiah, H., Nur Ilham, R., & Sinta, I. (2022). EFFECT OF ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT, WORK MOTIVATION AND LEADERSHIP STYLE ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE OF PT. ACEH DISTRIBUS INDO RAYA. International Journal of Social Science, Educational, Economics, Agriculture Research, and Technology (IJSET), 1(8), 377–382. https://doi.org/10.54443/ijset.v1i8.41

Nur Ilham, R., Arliansyah, A., Juanda, R. ., Sinta, I. ., Multazam, M. ., & Syahputri, L. . (2022). APPLICATION OF GOOD CORPORATE GOVERNANCE PRINCIPLES IN IMPROVING BENEFITS OF STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES (An Emperical Evidence from Indonesian Stock Exchange at Moment of Covid-19). International Journal of Economic, Business, Accounting, Agriculture Management and Sharia Administration (IJEBAS), 2(5), 761–772. https://doi.org/10.54443/ijebas.v2i5.410

Rico Nur Ilham, Irada Sinta, & Mangasi Sinurat. (2022). THE EFFECT OF TECHNICAL ANALYSIS ON CRYPTOCURRENCY INVESTMENT RETURNS WITH THE 5 (FIVE) HIGHEST MARKET CAPITALIZATIONS IN INDONESIA. Jurnal Ekonomi, 11(02), 1022–1035. Retrieved from http://ejournal.seaninstitute.or.id/index.php/Ekonomi/article/view/481

Nur ilham, R., Likdanawati, L., Hamdiah, H., Adnan, A., & Sinta, I. . (2022). COMMUNITY SERVICE ACTIVITIES “SOCIALIZATION AVOID STUDY INVESTMENT” TO THE STUDENT BOND OF SERDANG BEDAGAI. IRPITAGE JOURNAL, 2(2), 61–64. https://doi.org/10.54443/irpitage.v2i2.312

Wayan Mertha, I. ., & Mahfud, M. (2022). HISTORY LEARNING BASED ON WORDWALL APPLICATIONS TO IMPROVE STUDENT LEARNING RESULTS CLASS X IPS IN MA AS’ADIYAH KETAPANG. International Journal of Educational Review, Law And Social Sciences (IJERLAS), 2(5), 507–612. https://doi.org/10.54443/ijerlas.v2i5.369

Mahfud, M., Yudiana, I. K., & Sariyanto, S. (2022). HISTORY OF BANYUWANGI KALIKLATAK PLANTATION AND ITS IMPACT ON SURROUNDING COMMUNITIES. International Journal of Educational Review, Law And Social Sciences (IJERLAS), 3(1), 91–104. https://doi.org/10.54443/ijerlas.v3i1.492

Mahfud et all (2021). PEMANFAATAN TRADISI RESIK LAWON SUKU USING SEBAGAI SUMBER BELAJAR SEJARAH LOKAL PADA SMA DI BANYUWANGI. Media Bina Ilmiah Vol.16 No.3 Oktober 2021. http://ejurnal.binawakya.or.id/index.php/MBI/article/view/1294/pdf

Sinta, I., Nur Ilham, R. ., Authar ND, M. ., M. Subhan, & Amru Usman. (2022). UTILIZATION OF DIGITAL MEDIA IN MARKETING GAYO ARABICA COFFEE. IRPITAGE JOURNAL, 2(3), 103–108. https://doi.org/10.54443/irpitage.v2i3.467

Nur Ilham, R., Arliansyah, A., Juanda, R. ., Sinta, I. ., Multazam, M. ., & Syahputri, L. . (2022). APPLICATION OF GOOD CORPORATE GOVERNANCE PRINCIPLES IN IMPROVING BENEFITS OF STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES (An Emperical Evidence from Indonesian Stock Exchange at Moment of Covid-19). International Journal of Economic, Business, Accounting, Agriculture Management and Sharia Administration (IJEBAS), 2(5), 761–772. https://doi.org/10.54443/ijebas.v2i5.410

Mahfud et all (2020). Developing a Problem-Based Learning Model through E-Learning for Historical Subjects to Enhance Students Learning Outcomes at SMA Negeri 1 Rogojampi. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 485 (2020) 012014 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/485/1/012014

Bhat, R. M., & Rajeshwari, R. (2022). Social Status of Women in Early Kashmir. Journal homepage: www. ijrpr. com ISSN, 2582(7421), 26-31.

Bhat, R. M. (2022). An Analytical Study of the Kushan Rule in Kashmir. Journal of Psychology and Political Science (JPPS) ISSN 2799-1024, 2(04), 9-14.

Bhat, R. M. (2022). A Historical Study of Prostitution. Journal of Media, Culture and Communication (JMCC) ISSN: 2799-1245, 2(04), 1-6.

Bhat, R. M. (2022). Women Exploitation in the Contemporary India: Importance of Media to Impede it. Journal of Women Empowerment and Studies (JWES) ISSN: 2799-1253, 2(02), 27-30.

Bhat, R. M. (2022). Dr. BR Ambedkar’s Views on Religion and Conversion to Buddhism: An Analytical Study. Journal of Legal Subjects (JLS) ISSN, 25-31.

Bhat, R. M. (2022). Ghandian Phase: Mahila-Samitis and the Role of Women in the Indian National Movement. Journal of Women Empowerment and Studies (JWES) ISSN: 2799-1253, 2(01), 26-29.

Bhat, R. M. (2021). Reign of Utpala Dyansty with Special Reference to Avantiverman (855-883 AD): His Irrigation Works and Agricultural Development-A Historical Study. International Journal of Agriculture and Animal Production (IJAAP) ISSN 2799-0907, 1(02), 10-16.

Bhat, R. M. (2022). CULTURAL HERITAGE OF EARLY KASHMIR-A STUDY. International Journal of Educational Review, Law And Social Sciences (IJERLAS), 2(4), 571-576.

Bhat, R. M. (2019). Ghadar Movement: Har Dayal and His Ideological Formulations. Think India Journal, 22(14), 2353-2363.

Bhat, R. M. (2022). Legacy of Buddhism in Kashmir. Journal of Psychology and Political Science (JPPS) ISSN 2799-1024, 2(03), 23-30.

Bhat, R. M. (2018). Shawl Industry in Kashmir from 1846-1907 with Special Reference to the Dogra Rule. In Source: Proceedings of the South Indian History Congress (Vol. 38, pp. 554-557).

Bhat, R. M. (2023). DR. BHIM RAO AMBEDKAR’S ADVOCACY OF WOMEN RIGHTS. MORFAI JOURNAL, 2(4), 730-736.

Bhat, R. M. (2023). THE GHADAR MOVEMENT: IGNITING THE FLAME OF FREEDOM IN INDIA. International Journal of Educational Review, Law And Social Sciences (IJERLAS), 3(4), 1123-1131.

Bhat, R. M., Rajan, P., & Gamage, L. (2023). Redressing Historical Bias: Exploring the Path to an Accurate Representation of the Past. Journal of Social Science, 4(3), 698-705.

Bhat, R. M. (2022). Queen Yasovati: A Descriptive Study on her Leadership in the Kingdom of Kashmir. Journal of Psychology and Political Science (JPPS) ISSN 2799-1024, 2(05), 11-17.

Bhat, R. M., & Rajeshwari, R. (2022, December). DIASPORIC CULTURE AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS-A HISTORICAL STUDY. In International Conference on Health Science, Green Economics, Educational Review and Technology (Vol. 4, pp. 41-46).

Bhat, R. M. (2022). Historical Review of Indian Constitution. TRADITIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND SOCIAL SCIENCES, 1(02), 100-110.

Bhat, R. M., Silllalee, A., & Kandasamy, L. S. (2023). Concepts and Contexts: The Interplay of Philosophy and History in Understanding Human Society. East Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 2(6), 2581-2590.