THE IMPACT OF EMPLOYEE WELL-BEING, BURNOUT, AND WORK-LIFE BALANCE ON EMPLOYEE PRODUCTIVITY WITH JOB SATISFACTION AS AN INTERVENING VARIABLE (A STUDY ON THE EMPLOYEES OF PT PABRIK KERTAS TJIWI KIMIA)
DOI:
10.54443/morfai.v5i6.4571Published:
2025-12-19Downloads
Abstract
This study provides a comprehensive examination of how employee well-being, burnout, and work-life balance influence employee productivity, with job satisfaction incorporated as a mediating variable within the high-intensity manufacturing environment of PT Pabrik Kertas Tjiwi Kimia Tbk. Employing a quantitative explanatory design and Partial Least Squares–Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), the study analyzed responses from 218 employees from supply chain division who were selected through random sampling. The findings reveal that employee well-being and work-life balance have significant positive effects on productivity, whereas burnout has a significant negative effect. Job satisfaction operates as a key mediator, strengthening the effects of well-being and work-life balance while buffering the detrimental impact of burnout. Theoretically, the results reinforce the relevance of Job Demands–Resources Theory and Social Exchange Theory in explaining psychosocial mechanisms underlying work performance. Practically, the study highlights the need for well-being-oriented management strategies, burnout
Keywords:
employee well-being, burnout, work-life balance, job satisfaction, employee productivity.References
Adams, M. J. (2019). Employee well-being and organizational outcomes: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 92(4), 797–824. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12296
Ali, M., Shahid, M., & Khan, I. (2024). Burnout and productivity among industrial workers: Evidence from emerging economies. Industrial Health, 62(1), 45–58. https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.2023-0099
Amer, A. R., Hassan, S. M., & Moustafa, A. (2022). Occupational burnout and its impact on employee performance in manufacturing firms. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 71(6), 2051–2070. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPPM-02-2021-0081
Apriliani, R., & Mukhsin, M. (2024). Work-life balance and employee productivity in post-pandemic workplaces. Journal of Management and Business Studies, 15(1), 22–37. https://garuda.kemdikbud.go.id/
Ateeq, M., Raza, S., & Nawaz, F. (2024). Understanding burnout and job outcomes in industrial environments: A moderated mediation approach. Current Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04420-y
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2024). Produktivitas tenaga kerja Indonesia tahun 2018–2023. https://www.bps.go.id
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2017). Job demands–resources theory: Taking stock and looking forward. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(3), 273–285. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12143
Bakker, A. B., & Oerlemans, W. G. M. (2019). Daily job crafting and the role of positive emotions: A dynamic approach to job satisfaction and performance. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 28(2), 197–209.
Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Sanz-Vergel, A. I. (2021). Burnout and work engagement: The JD-R approach. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 8(1), 389–411.
Basch, J., & Fisher, C. D. (2020). Affective events and the emotional process at work. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 7, 83–109. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012119-044908
Becker, G. S. (1993). Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis, with special reference to education (3rd ed.). University of Chicago Press. https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/H/bo3684034.html
Campbell, J. P., & Pritchard, R. D. (1976). Motivation theory in industrial and organizational psychology. In M. D. Dunnette (Ed.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (pp. 63–130). Rand McNally. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1977-07723-000
Clark, S. C. (2000). Work/family border theory: A new theory of work/family balance. Human Relations, 53(6), 747–770.
Consiglio, C., Borgogni, L., Alessandri, G., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2013). Does self-efficacy matter for burnout and sickness absenteeism? The mediating role of demands and resources at the individual and team levels. Work & Stress, 27(1), 22–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2013.769325
Cooke, F. L., Cooper, B., Bartram, T., Wang, J., & Mei, H. (2016). Mapping the relationships between high-performance work systems, employee resilience and engagement: A study of the Chinese banking sector. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 27(18), 2050–2071. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2015.1137618
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2022). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (6th ed.). SAGE Publications.
Cropanzano, R., & Mitchell, M. S. (2005). Social exchange theory: An interdisciplinary review. Journal of Management, 31(6), 874–900. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206305279602
Cropanzano, R., Anthony, E. L., Daniels, S. R., & Hall, A. V. (2017). Social exchange theory: A critical review with theoretical remedies. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 99, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2016.12.004
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2017). Self-Determination Theory: Basic Psychological Needs in Motivation, Development, and Wellness. Guilford Press.
Gagné, M., Koestner, R., & Zuckerman, M. (2019). Facilitating autonomous motivation: A social-contextual perspective. Motivation and Emotion, 43(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-018-9719-3
Goetz, K., Musselmann, S., & Steinhäuser, J. (2022). Job satisfaction and its relationship with work performance among health workers: A systematic review. BMC Health Services Research, 22(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-022-07683-0
Grant, A. M., Christianson, M. K., & Price, R. H. (2021). Happiness, health, or relationships? Managerial practices and employee well-being. Academy of Management Annals, 15(1), 285–317.
Haar, J. M., Russo, M., Suñe, A., & Ollier-Malaterre, A. (2019). Outcomes of work–life balance on job satisfaction, life satisfaction and mental health: A study across seven cultures. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 110, 244–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2018.11.003
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2020). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications.
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M. (2021). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications.
Hakanen, J. J., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2018). Do burnout and work engagement predict depressive symptoms and life satisfaction? Burnout Research, 5(1), 8–16.
Hayman, J. (2005). Psychometric assessment of an instrument designed to measure work–life balance. Research and Practice in Human Resource Management, 13(1), 85–91. https://researchbank.massey.ac.nz/handle/10179/5562
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
Herzberg, F. (1966). Work and the Nature of Man. Cleveland: World Publishing.
Hobfoll, S. E. (2018). Conservation of Resources Theory: Resource Caravan and Resource Passageways. New York: Routledge.
https://ajmsjournal.org/vol12-no1-2025/putri-wellbeing
https://iaeme.com/IJM/issues/v11-i5/wolor
https://iaeme.com/IJM/issues/v12-i4/roopavathi
https://ijaar.org/articles/ijaar-v6-no3-tamunomiebi.pdf
https://ijbssnet.com/journals/vol12no6/okolocha
https://ijmrjournal.com/vol12-issue2-2024/kurain-burnout
https://jpbsnet.com/vol8-no2/platania-employee-productivity
https://jurnalekonomibisnis.id/vol15-no1-2024/nugroho-wlb
https://jurnalmanajemenbisnisindonesia.or.id/vol10/no1/2024/jannah-wlb
International Labour Organization. (2025). World Employment and Social Outlook 2025: Productivity Trends and Labour Market Challenges. ILO. https://www.ilo.org/global/research
Jannah, M. (2024). Work–life balance and job performance among manufacturing employees in Indonesia. Jurnal Manajemen dan Bisnis Indonesia, 10(1), 45–58.
Judge, T. A., Weiss, H. M., Kammeyer-Mueller, J. D., & Hulin, C. L. (2017). Job attitudes, job satisfaction, and job affect: A century of continuity and of change. Journal of Applied Psychology, 102(3), 356–374.
Kalfaoglu, C. (2024). The mediating role of psychological distress in the relationship between well-being and job performance. Psychology and Education Journal, 61(3), 112–125. https://doi.org/10.55938/pej.v61i3.473
Khan, S., Khan, A., Rehman, A., & Zafar, N. (2022). Mediating effect of job satisfaction in the relationship between work-life balance and employee productivity: Evidence from service sector. Sustainability, 14(1), 301. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14010301
Khotimah, A. N., & Swasti, D. A. (2024). Pengaruh motivasi kerja dan kepuasan kerja terhadap kinerja karyawan pada Koperasi Karyawan PT Tjiwi Kimia. International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology (IJISRT), 9(5), 77–82. https://www.ijisrt.com/assets/upload/files/IJISRT24MAY770.pdf
Kim, H. J., Shin, K. H., & Swanger, N. (2019). Burnout and employee productivity: An integrated model. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 77, 64–72.
Kim, M., Kim, A. C. H., Newman, J. I., Ferris, G. R., & Perrewé, P. L. (2021). The antecedents and consequences of work–life balance: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 42(7), 917–945. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2525
Krekel, C., Ward, G., & De Neve, J.-E. (2019). Employee well-being, productivity, and firm performance. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 168, 322–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2019.11.003
Kurain, J. (2024). Burnout, emotional exhaustion, and workplace performance: A systematic review. International Journal of Management Research, 12(2), 87–103.
Kurnia, C., & Widigdo, A. M. N. (2021). Effect of work-life balance, job demand, job insecurity on Employee productivity at PT Jaya Lautan Global with employee well-being as a mediation variable. European Journal of Business and Management Research, 6(5), 160–167. https://www.ejbmr.org/index.php/ejbmr/article/view/948
Latham, G. P., & Locke, E. A. (2018). Goal setting theory: Controversies and resolutions. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 143, 25–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2017.12.002
Lesener, T., Gusy, B., & Wolter, C. (2019). The job demands–resources model: A meta-analytic review of longitudinal studies. Work & Stress, 33(1), 76–103. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2018.1529065
Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (2002). Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation: A 35-year odyssey. American Psychologist, 57(9), 705–717. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.57.9.705
Lousã, E., Ribeiro, S., & Gonçalves, L. (2021). Measuring employee productivity: Development and validation of the EP-scale. Management Research Review, 44(8), 1105–1122. https://doi.org/10.1108/MRR-02-2020-0082
Marecki, Ł. (2023). Impact of work-life balance on employee productivity and well-being. Journal of Modern Finance and Sustainability, 50(9), 113–124. https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=1266925
Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2(2), 99–113. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030020205
Maslach, C., & Leiter, M. P. (2017). Burnout: The Cost of Caring. New York: Routledge.
McNeese-Smith, D. (2022). Job satisfaction, productivity, and organizational commitment among healthcare employees. Health Care Management Review, 47(4), 250–262. https://doi.org/10.1097/HMR.0000000000000334
Nielsen, K., Nielsen, M. B., Ogbonnaya, C., Känsälä, M., Saari, E., & Isaksson, K. (2017). Workplace resources and employee well-being: A multilevel study. Work & Stress, 31(4), 306–327. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2017.1349936
Nugroho, A. (2024). Work–life balance and employee productivity in Indonesian manufacturing firms. Jurnal Ekonomi & Bisnis, 15(1), 55–70.
Okolocha, C. C. (2021). Job satisfaction and employee productivity in emerging economies: Evidence from Nigeria. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 12(6), 1–12.
Olafsen, A. H., Halvari, H., Forest, J., & Deci, E. L. (2017). Show them the money? The role of pay, managerial need support, and justice in a self-determination theory model. Motivation and Emotion, 41(5), 631–646. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-017-9632-2
Platania, S., Paolillo, A., Digrandi, M., & Gennaro, A. (2020). Measuring job performance: Validity of the Employee Productivity Scale. Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Science, 8(2), 12–25.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2019). Recommendations for creating better conceptual definitions in the organizational, behavioral, and social sciences. Organizational Research Methods, 22(4), 739–767. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428118767302
Potipiroon, W., Faerman, S., & Srisuthisa, W. (2024). Deconstructing job satisfaction and productivity: Evidence from Southeast Asian public organizations. Public Personnel Management, 53(1), 45–68. https://doi.org/10.1177/00910260221143205
Pradhan, R. K., & Hati, L. (2019). The measurement of employee well-being: Development and validation of a scale. Employee Relations, 41(3), 488–510. https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-07-2018-0192
Putri, S., Lazuarni, L., & Yeni, R. (2025). Employee well-being and productivity in large manufacturing firms: An Indonesian perspective. Asian Journal of Management Studies, 12(1), 22–35.
Rabuana, R., & Yanuar, T. (2023). The impact of employee well-being on performance: Evidence from Indonesian industries. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 72(4), 910–928. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPPM-08-2021-0443
Robbins, S. P., & Judge, T. A. (2022). Organizational Behavior (19th ed.). New York: Pearson Education.
Roopavathi, T., & Kishore, K. (2021). Work–life balance and employee productivity: A study on Indian manufacturing organizations. International Journal of Management, 12(4), 137–146.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2020). Self-Determination Theory: Basic Psychological Needs in Motivation, Development, and Wellness. New York: Guilford Press.
Seijts, G. H., Latham, G. P., Tasa, K., & Latham, B. W. (2004). Goal setting and goal orientation: An integration of two different yet related literatures. Academy of Management Journal, 47(2), 227–239. https://doi.org/10.5465/20159574
Shore, L. M., Tetrick, L. E., Lynch, P., & Barksdale, K. (2006). Social and economic exchange: Construct development and validation. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36(4), 837–867. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0021-9029.2006.00046.x
Sonnentag, S., Dormann, C., & Demerouti, E. (2017). Not all days are created equal: The concept of state work engagement. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 26(1), 4–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2016.1208654
Stankevičienė, A., Dvorak, J., & Chládková, H. (2021). The effect of job satisfaction on employee performance: Evidence from European organizations. Economics and Sociology, 14(2), 52–70. https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-789X.2021/14-2/4
Tamunomiebi, M. D., & Oyibo, A. (2020). Work-life balance and employee productivity in the Nigerian manufacturing sector. International Journal of Advanced Academic Research, 6(3), 45–58.
Tarigan, J., Basana, S. R., & Wijaya, A. (2022). Job satisfaction as a predictor of employee performance: Evidence from Indonesian organizations. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 9(2), 251–260. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2022.vol9.no2.0251
Taris, T. W., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2016). The job demands–resources model. Dalam R. R. Sinclair, M. Wang, & L. Tetrick (Eds.), Psychosocial Factors at Work in the Asia Pacific (pp. 71–88). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44400-0_4
Utar, A., Nurhayati, S., & Rahmawati, D. (2021). Job satisfaction and its impact on employee performance: Case study in Indonesian SMEs. Management Science Letters, 11(4), 1201–1208. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2020.11.013
Weiss, H. M., & Cropanzano, R. (1996). Affective events theory: A theoretical discussion of the structure, causes and consequences of affective experiences at work. Research in Organizational Behavior, 18, 1–74. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1996-07722-004
Wicaksono, A., & Hidayah, S. (2020). Work-life balance dan produktivitas karyawan: Studi pada perusahaan padat karya di Surabaya. Jurnal Manajemen Indonesia, 20(1), 23–36.
Wolor, C. W. (2020). The effect of work-life balance on employee performance in Indonesia. International Journal of Management, 11(5), 138–147.
Wright, T. A., & Cropanzano, R. (2019). The happy/productive worker thesis revisited. Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, 37(1), 269–307.
Wright, T. A., & Cropanzano, R. (2019). The happy/productive worker thesis revisited. Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, 37(1), 269–307.
Yan, X., Su, J., & Wen, Z. (2020). A meta-analysis of the relationship between employee well-being and job performance. Current Psychology, 39(6), 1754–1769. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-9860-0
Zhang, Y., Xu, S., & Jin, J. (2024). The paradoxical effects of burnout on employee productivity: The moderating role of job satisfaction. Human Resource Management Journal, 34(1), 85–102.
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Aulia Ramadhani, Budi Eko Soetjipto, Sopiah
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Downloads
How to Cite
