Prioritizing Aspects of Disciplinary Behaviour in Private Islamic Elementary Schools Using Analytic Network Process (ANP)
Published:
2026-06-09Abstract
To support school decision-making under limited resources, this study applies the Analytic Network Process (ANP) to map interrelationships and produce an evidence-based priority order of the most influential disciplinary aspects by: (i) determining relevant disciplinary aspects grounded in Islamic elementary-school practice and character education; (ii) analyzing interrelationships and mutual influence among aspects in a network structure; and (iii) calculating relative priority weights and a final ranking using ANP pairwise comparisons and super-matrix synthesis. A staged ANP procedure was used: problem identification; literature review; identification of aspects (clusters and sub-criteria); expert validation; construction of the ANP network (Educator, Methods, Materials, Facilities); expert pairwise comparisons using Saaty’s 1–9 scale; consistency testing via CR; super-matrix synthesis; and final priority ranking with interpretation for school recommendations. The four main aspects' global priorities were: Educator (0.39), Methods (0.24), Materials (0.20), and Facilities (0.15). Within clusters, key local priorities included: Educator—Parents (0.51), Teachers (0.29), Society/community (0.18); Methods—Role modelling (0.34), Habituation (0.27); Materials—Religious–moral content (0.48); Facilities—School uniform (0.37). Disciplinary attitude outcomes were prioritized as Obedient (0.33), Responsible (0.27), Respectful and polite (0.21), and Not-bullying (0.11). Disciplinary behaviour in private Islamic elementary schools is best represented as an interdependent system shaped primarily by educator-related factors and enacted through modelling and habituation, reinforced by moral content and supportive environments. The ANP-based ranking provides a validated priority framework to guide strategic interventions aligned with Islamic character-education goals.
Keywords:
Disciplinary behaviour Analytic Network Process Private Islamic elementary Character education Student disciplineReferences
Adams, B. (2011). SuperDecisions Limit Matrix Calculations. International Symposium on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (ISAHP), pp. 1-8. Available at: https://www.isahp.org/uploads/4_0164_adams.pdf
American Psychological Association Zero Tolerance Task Force. (2008). Are zero tolerance policies effective in the schools? An evidentiary review and recommendations. American Psychologist, 63(9): 852-862. https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.63.9.852
Arif, M., Chapakiya, S., and Dewi, A.Y. (2024). Character Education in Indonesia Islamic Elementary Schools: A Systematic Literature Review (2014-2024).
J-PAI: Jurnal Pendidikan Agama Islam, 11(1): 1-20. https://dx.doi.org/10.18860/jpai.v11i1.29301
Bal, A., Afacan, K., and Cakir, H.I. (2018). Culturally Responsive School Discipline: Implementing Learning Lab at a High School for Systemic Transformation. American Educational Research Journal, 55(5): 1007–1050. https://dx.doi.org/10.3102/0002831218768796
Bandura, A. (1977). Social Learning Theory. Morristown, NJ: General Learning Corporation (a division of the Prentice-Hall International group).
Bear, G.G. (2010). School discipline and self-discipline. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Bunruamkaew, K. (2012). How to do AHP analysis in Excel. Division of Spatial Information Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba [Internet]. Available at: https://giswin.geo.tsukuba.ac.jp/sis/gis_seminar/How%20to%20do%20AHP%20analysis%20in%20Excel.pdf
Cahyanto, B., Indana, F.M., Fiveronica, I., Salamah, E.R., and Garbacz, N.A. (2024). Integration of religious character in school culture: An investigation of character development practices in Islamic elementary school. ELEMENTARY: Islamic Teacher Journal, 12(1): 49-74. https://journal.iainkudus.ac.id/index.php/elementary/article/download/23309/pdf
Cambridge Assessment International Education (CAIE). (2022). Education brief: Promoting a positive school climate. Cambridge University Press & Assessment [Internet]. Available at: https://www.cambridgeinternational.org/Images/652610-promoting-a-positive-school-climate-education-brief.pdf
Colicchia, C. (n.d.). Analytic Network Process Analytic Network Process: Decision making with dependence and feedback. Universita Cattaneo Castellanza: Facoltà di Ingegneria [Internet]. Available at: https://my.liuc.it/MatSup/2010/N90212/_Lezione_MMAI_CC.pdf
Cooper, O., and Wedley, W.C. (n.d.). ANP Supermatrices: Lessons from Hierarchies. International Symposium on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (ISAHP), pp. 1-4 [Internet]. Available at: https://www.isahp.org/uploads/073_001.pdf
Darling-Hammond, S. (2023). Fostering Belonging, Transforming Schools: The Impact of Restorative Practices. Learning Policy Institute (LPI): Research, Action, Impact [Internet], pp. 1-8. Available at: https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED630387.pdf
de-Ruig, N.J., de-Jong, P.F., and Zee, M. (2023). Stimulating Elementary School Students’ Self-Regulated Learning through High-Quality Interactions and Relationships: A Narrative Review. Educational Psychology Review, 35(71): 1-34. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10648-023-09795-5
Durlak, J.A., Weissberg, R.P., Dymnicki, A.B., Taylor, R.D., and Schellinger, K.B. (2011). The impact of enhancing students’ social and emotional learning: A meta-analysis of school-based universal interventions. Child Development, 82(1), 405–432. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01564.x
Dzakiyyah, D., and Rindaningsih, I. (2023). Implementation of the Analytic Network Process (ANP) in Evaluating the Performance of Teachers and Employees in Educational Institutions. Middle European Scientific Bulletin, 35: 125-137. https://files01.core.ac.uk/download/pdf/568430464.pdf
Emmer, E.T., Evertson, C.M., and Poole, I.R. (2021). Classroom management for middle and high school teachers (11th ed.). London, England: Pearson.
Epstein, J.L. (2011). Network on Early Childhood Education and Care: Background for Presentation and Discussion. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) [Internet]. Available at: https://one.oecd.org/document/EDU/EDPC/ECEC%282011%292/en/pdf
Epstein, J.L. (2016). School, Family, and Community Partnerships: Preparing educators and improving schools (2nd ed.). Boulder, CO 80301: Westview Prees. Available at:
https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9780429961687_A37416929/preview-9780429961687_A37416929.pdf
Evertson, C.M., and Weinstein, C.S. (2013). Handbook of Classroom Management: Research, Practice, and Contemporary Issues (1st ed.). New York, NY: Routledge. https://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203874783
Firmanto, I.S., and Masnawati, E. (2025). A religious character development model based on Dhuha prayer at Muhammadiyah 27 Elementary School, Surabaya. Dedica: Journal of Research and Community Service, 2(1): 110-125. https://journal.staimun.ac.id/index.php/dedica/article/view/231
Hadi, M.Y., and Prayogi, D.S.T. (2025). Managing Islamic School Culture to Develop Students’ Religious Character. Journal of Educational Research and Practice, 3(2): 255-275.
https://dx.doi.org/10.70376/jerp.v3i2.304
Halstead, J.M. (2004). An Islamic concept of education. Comparative Education, 40(4): 517–529. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0305006042000284510
Hamre, B.K., and Pianta, R.C. (2001). Early Teacher–Child Relationships and the Trajectory of Children’s School Outcomes through Eighth Grade. Child Development, 72(2): 625–638. Available at: https://reachfamilies.umn.edu/sites/default/files/rdoc/Hamre_2001.pdf
Institute of Education Sciences (IES). (2008). Reducing behavior problems in the elementary school classroom (Practice guide). U.S. Department of Education [Internet]. Available at:
https://ies.ed.gov/ncee/wwc/Docs/PracticeGuide/behavior_pg_092308.pdf
Institute of Education Sciences (IES). (2024). Consistent Implementation of a multi-tiered system of supports (MTSS). U.S. Department of Education [Internet]. Available at: https://nces.ed.gov/sites/default/files/migrated/rel/regions/midatlantic/pdf/RELMA-DCPS-MTSS-factsheet.pdf
IRIS Center. (n.d.). Create a positive climate (Classroom behavior management: Key concepts and foundational practices). Peabody College Vanderbilt University Nashville, TN 3720 [Internet]. Available: https://iris.peabody.vanderbilt.edu/module/beh1/cresource/q2/p05/
Jakandar, L.I.E., Pantiwati, Y., Sunaryo, H., and Fikriah, A. (2025). Integration of Religious Values in Character Education: Building the Morals of the Golden Generation. Al-Hayat: Journal of Islamic Education, 9(1): 124-141. https://dx.doi.org/10.35723/ajie.v9i1.107
Khodyakov, D., Grant, S., Kroger, J., and Bauman, M. (2023). RAND Methodological Guidance for Conducting and Critically Appraising Delphi Panels. Santa Monica, CA: the RAND Corporation. Available at: https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/tools/TLA3000/TLA3082-1/RAND_TLA3082-1.pdf
Komalasari, D., Mionarti, I., Hartati, M., and Sajdah, M. (2025). Reinforcing character education through Islamic religious education pedagogy for elementary school students in the digital era. At Turots: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 7(2): 1259-1264. https://dx.doi.org/10.51468/jpi.v7i2.1081
Kou, G., Ergu, D., Lin, C., and Chen, Y. (2016). Pairwise comparison matrix in multiple criteria decision making. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 22(5): 738-765. https://dx.doi.org/10.3846/20294913.2016.1210694
Lickona, T. (1991). Educating for character: How Our Schools can Teach Respect and Responsibility. New York, NY: Bantam Books.
Lyon, A.R. (2017). BRIEF: Implementation science and practice in the education sector. College of Education, University of Washington [Internet]. Available at: https://education.uw.edu/sites/default/files/Implementation%20Science%20Issue%20Brief%20072617.pdf
Maral, M., and Özdemir, A. (2025). A systematic review on multi-criteria decision-making methods in educational research. British Educational Research Journal, 51(6): 3071-3106.
https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/berj.70002
Mu, E., Cooper, O., and Peasley, M. (2020). Best practices in Analytic Network Process studies.
Expert Systems with Applications, 159: 113536. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2020.113536.
National Association of School Psychologists (NASP). (2020). Framework for effective school discipline [Internet]. Available at: https://www.nasponline.org/assets/Documents/Resources%20and%20Publications/Discipline-Framework-Document%20%281%29.pdf
Nurizah, A.K., and Amrullah, M. (2024). Religious character formation through Islamic habituation in primary education. International Journal of Islamic Studies (IJIS), 12(4): 61-71. https://ijis.umsida.ac.id/index.php/ijis/article/view/1741
Olsen, J. (2015). PBIS Forum 15 Practice Brief: PBIS in the Classroom. University of North Carolina at Charlotte [Internet]. Available at https://www.pbiscaltac.org/_preview/resources/classroom-wide%20pbis/PBIS%20in%20the%20Classroom%20Brief.pdf
Pamuji, S., and Mulyadi, Y. (2024). Formation of Students' Character through Islamic Education. International Journal of Islamic Thought and Humanities, 3(1): 26-35. https://dx.doi.org/10.54298/ijith.v3i1.183
Parsonson, B.S. (2012). Evidence-based Classroom Behavior Management Strategies. Kairaranga, 13(1): 16-23. Available at: https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ976654.pdf
Paul, H.A. (2011). A Review of: ‘Bear, G. G. (2010). School Discipline and Self-Discipline: A Practical Guide to Promoting Prosocial Student Behavior’. Child and Family Behavior Therapy, 33(1): 63-70. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07317107.2011.545015
PBIS.org. (n.d.). School-wide. Center on PBIS [Internet]. Available at: https://www.pbis.org/topics/school-wide
PBIS.org. (2023). PBIS implementation blueprint (Technical Assistance Document). Center on PBIS [Internet]. Available at: https://assets-global.website-files.com/5d3725188825e071f1670246/65d7cd8c027b310aa6f686e7_PBIS-Implementation-Blueprint.pdf
PBIS.org. (2025). Practice Guides. Center on PBIS [Internet]. Available at: https://www.pbis.org/resource-type/practice-guides
Pinkelman, S.E., McIntosh, K., Rasplica, C.K., Berg, T., and Strickland-Cohen, M.K. (2015). Perceived enablers and barriers related to sustainability of school-wide positive behavioral interventions and supports. Behavioral Disorders, 40(3): 171–183. Available: https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1072245.pdf
Poonikom, K. (2009). The Analytic Network Process (ANP) for Universities Selection Decisions. In: Adamus W, ed. The Analytic Hierarchy and Network Processes: Application in Solving Multicriteria Decision Problems. Krakow, Poland: Jagiellonian University Press, pp. 245-258. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/analytic-hierarchy-and-network-processes/analytic-network-process-anp-for-universities-selection-decisions/2DF37446258312608E88B34D69C3FF38
Rodriguez, L.A., and Welsh, R.O. (2022). The Dimensions of School Discipline: Toward a Comprehensive Framework for Measuring Discipline Patterns and Outcomes in Schools. AERA Open, 8(1): 1 –23. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23328584221083669
Saaty, T.L. (2001). Deriving the AHP 1-9 Scale from First Principles. Proceedings – 6th ISAHP 2001 Berne, Switzerland, August 2-4, pp. 397-402. Available at: https://isahp.org/uploads/125-p.pdf
Saaty, T. L. (2004). Fundamentals of the Analytic Network Process—Dependence and feedback in decision-making with a single network. Journal of Systems Science and Systems Engineering, 13(2): 129-157. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11518-006-0158-y
Saaty, T.L. (2005). Theory and applications of the Analytic Network Process: Decision making with benefits, opportunities, costs, and risks. Pittsburgh, PA: RWS Publications.
Saaty, T.L., and Vargas, L.G. (2005). Dispersion of Group Judgments. In: Golden, B., Raghavan, S., and Wasil, E. (eds), The Next Wave in Computing, Optimization, and Decision Technologies. Operations Research/Computer Science Interfaces Series, vol. 29. Boston, MA: Springer. Available at: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-387-23529-9_25
Saaty, T.L., and Vargas, L.G. (2013). Decision making with the Analytic Network Process: Economic, political, social and technological applications with benefits, opportunities, costs and risks (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Springer. Available at: https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4614-7279-7
Saepudin, A. (2023). Character Education in Islam: The Role of Teachers in Building Islamic Personality in Elementary Schools. International Journal of Science and Society (IJSOC), 5(5): 1172-1185. https://dx.doi.org/10.54783/ijsoc.v5i5.1266
Schulze-González, E., Pastor-Ferrando, J.-P., and Pablo Aragonés-Beltrán, P. (2023). Clustering and reference value for assessing influence in analytic network process without pairwise comparison matrices: Study of 17 real cases. Operations Research Perspectives, 10: 100275. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orp.2023.100275.
Setyowati, E.H. (2019). The Application Teacher Discipline to Improve Teacher Performance: a review. Proceeding of the 2nd International Conference Education Culture and Technology (ICONECT 2019), August 20-21, 2019, Kudus, Indonesia. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.20-8-2019.2288101
Siregar, L.S.B. (2021). Islamic Education: Factors that Affect Teachers in Building Student’s Islamic Character. International Journal of Asian Education, 2(4): 462-471. https://dx.doi.org/10.46966/ijae.v2i4.211
Skiba, R.J.; Arredondo, M.I., and Williams, N.T. (2014). More than a Metaphor: The Contribution of Exclusionary Discipline to a School-to-Prison Pipeline. Equity and Excellence in Education, 47(4): 546-564. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10665684.2014.958965
Skiba, R.J. (n.d.). Zero Tolerance and Alternative Discipline Strategies. National Association of School Psychologists [Internet]. Available at: https://www.nasponline.org/assets/documents/Resources%20and%20Publications/Handouts/General%20Resources/Zero_Tolerance_35-1_S4-35.pdf
Smith, T.E., Holmes, S.R., Sheridan, S.M., Cooper, J.M., Bloomfield, B.S., and Preast, J.L. (2021). The Effects of Consultation-based Family-school Engagement on Student and Parent Outcomes: A Meta-analysis. Journal of Educational and Psychological Consultation, 31(3), 278–306. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10474412.2020.1749062
Sprague, J. (n.d.). Page 4: Use Positive Behavioral Approaches. IRIS CENTER [Internet]. Available at: https://iris.peabody.vanderbilt.edu/module/jj1/cresource/q2/p04/
SPS Academic Resource Center. (2023). Eisenhower Matrix. Columbia University: School of Professional Studies [Internet]. Available at: https://sps.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/2023-08/Eisenhower%20Matrix.pdf
Sugai, G., and Horner, R. (2002). The Evolution of Discipline Practices: School-Wide Positive Behavior Supports. Child and Family Behavior Therapy, 24(1-2): 23-50. https://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J019v24n01_03
Super Decisions (a). (n.d.). Introduction to the ANP and Its Super-matrices. Manual version 2.X [Internet]. Available at: https://www.superdecisions.com/sd_resources/v28_man05.pdf
Super Decisions (b). (n.d.). Tutorial on Complex Decision Models (ANP). Manual version 2.X [Internet]. Available at: https://www.superdecisions.com/sd_resources/v28_man04.pdf
Susilowati, A., Fauziati, E., Rahmawati, F.P., & Rahmawati, L.E. (2023). Religious character education in term of moral knowing: A case study at an elementary school in Surakarta. Jurnal Prima Edukasi, 11(2): 258-265. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/jpe.v11i2.61397
Tristancho, C. (2024). What Is an Impact Effort Matrix? (Template Included). Project Manager [Internet]. Available at: https://www.projectmanager.com/blog/impact-effort-matrix
Uri, F., and Harahap, N. (2025). Strengthening character education (adab) through Islamic Religious Education (PAI) in Islamic elementary schools. Widyagogik, 13(1): 50-67. https://doi.org/10.21107/Widyagogik/v13i1.30255
Victorynie, I., Husnaini, M., and Amili, N. (2020). Model of religious character education: A case study in Al-Hilal Islamic Primary School Bekasi, Indonesia. Journal of Social Studies (JSS), 16(2): 103-120. https://dx.doi.org/10.21831/jss.v16i2. 34706.
Wang, M.T., and Degol, J. (2016). School Climate: A Review of the Construct, Measurement, and Impact on Student Outcomes. Educational Psychology Review, 28: 315–352. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10648-015-9319-1
Wasehudin, W., Wajdi, M.B.N., Silahuddin, S., Syafe’i, I., Sirojudin, R., Bachtiar, M., and Hasanah, U. (2024). The Paradigm of Character Education in Islamic Elementary School, Jurnal Ilmiah ISLAM FUTURA, 24(2): 368-397. https://dx.doi.org/10.22373/jiif.v24i2.22546
Welsh, R.O., and Little, S. (2018). The School Discipline Dilemma: A Comprehensive Review of Disparities and Alternative Approaches. Review of Educational Research, 88(5): 752–794.
https://dx.doi.org/10.3102/0034654318791582
Worlds Bank. (2023). Education: Overview [Internet]. Available at https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/education/overview. Accesed 17th March 2023.
Yoho, L.M., Fenning, P., and Clayton, T. (n.d.). Behavior Assessment Training Toolkit Topic 5: Integrating Restorative Practices within Social-Emotional Learning. Illinois State Board of Education [Internet]. Available at: https://www.isbe.net/Documents/bat-toolkit-05-restorative-practices.pdf
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Nesia Andriana, Endin Mujahidin, Arief Goeritno
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
