Reconstructing Criminal Law Policy for Combating Human Trafficking Based on Legal Certainty and Victim Protection in Indonesia
Published:
2026-11-10Abstract
Human trafficking remains one of the most complex forms of transnational organized crime, posing significant challenges to criminal law enforcement, legal certainty, and the protection of victims' rights in Indonesia. Although Law Number 21 of 2007 concerning the Eradication of the Crime of Human Trafficking has established a comprehensive legal framework, its implementation has not yet fully ensured effective legal protection and substantive justice for victims. This study aims to analyze the paradigm of victim protection within Indonesia's criminal law policy, examine the discrepancies between normative legal provisions and their practical implementation, and formulate a reconstruction of criminal law policy based on legal certainty and a victim-centered approach. This research employs normative legal research using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. Primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials were collected through library research and analyzed qualitatively using descriptive-analytical and prescriptive methods. The findings indicate that Indonesia's criminal law policy has shifted from an offender-oriented approach toward a victim-centered approach by recognizing victims' rights to restitution, rehabilitation, legal assistance, repatriation, and social reintegration. Nevertheless, significant gaps remain between the normative framework and law enforcement practice, particularly regarding the implementation of restitution, rehabilitation, inter-agency coordination, and the criminal liability of corporate entities and other beneficiaries of trafficking crimes. Existing law enforcement also continues to focus predominantly on direct perpetrators while failing to effectively address intellectual actors and organized criminal networks. This study proposes a reconstruction of Indonesia's criminal law policy through strengthening corporate criminal liability, enhancing institutional coordination, improving mechanisms for restitution and victim recovery, and integrating gender-responsive and human rights-based principles into every stage of the criminal justice process. Such reconstruction is expected to establish a more effective, equitable, and victim-oriented legal system capable of ensuring legal certainty while providing comprehensive protection for victims of human trafficking in Indonesia.
Keywords:
Human Trafficking Criminal Law Policy Legal Certainty Victim Protection Criminal Liability IndonesiaReferences
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