THE INTEGRATION OF DIVINE JUSTICE IN JUDICIAL REASONING WITHIN THE INDONESIAN CRIMINAL JUSTICE FRAMEWORK
Published:
2025-03-30Downloads
Abstract
How can religious values be integrated into judicial reasoning in criminal cases without compromising legal certainty, evidentiary requirements, and the protection of the parties’ rights? This article examines the relationship between intersubjectivity, Pancasila values, and judicial reasoning in advancing religious justice within Indonesia’s criminal justice system. Employing doctrinal and philosophical legal research, the article adopts statutory and conceptual approaches, drawing on legal literature and secondary analyses of criminal cases. The findings indicate that intersubjectivity can facilitate the examination of arguments presented by the parties but cannot replace legally admissible evidence and judicial conviction as required under the Indonesian Code of Criminal Procedure (KUHAP). Judicial decisions should incorporate legal, sociological, and philosophical considerations supported by clear and legally defensible reasoning. Biomijuridika serves as a conceptual framework linking belief in God with respect for human dignity without privileging any particular religious interpretation. The judicial pardon provisions of Law No. 1 of 2023 are examined as prospective sentencing reforms, distinct from acquittals and judgments releasing defendants from all legal charges. The article recommends developing guidelines for judicial pardons and strengthening training in ethical judicial reasoning, with due regard for legality, judicial independence, equality, and victims’ interests.
Keywords:
Religious Justice Judicial Reasoning Rechterlijk Pardon Criminal Justice SystemReferences
Adawiyah, R., & Rozah, U. (2020). Indonesia’s criminal justice system with Pancasila perspective as an open justice system. Law Reform, 16(2), 149–162. https://doi.org/10.14710/lr.v16i2.33783
Akbar, M. F. (2021). Keadilan restoratif dalam sistem peradilan pidana sebagai perwujudan nilai-nilai Pancasila. Justitia Et Pax, 37(1). https://doi.org/10.24002/jep.v37i1.3821
Alimuddin, A., Erdalina, T., & Hanafi, I. (2021). Ketuhanan yang berkebudayaan: Menjadi shaleh dalam bingkai kebudayaan. Nusantara Journal for Southeast Asian Islamic Studies, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.24014/nusantara.v17i1.13906
Arief, B. N. (2011). Tujuan dan pedoman pemidanaan: Perspektif pembaharuan hukum pidana dan perbandingan beberapa negara. Pustaka Magister.
Deni, L. (2023). Perwujudan nilai keadilan Pancasila melalui ide keseimbangan dengan pendekatan keadilan restoratif dalam penegakan hukum perkara pencurian ringan melalui mediasi penal. Jurnal Dimensi, 12(3), 936–956. https://www.journal.unrika.ac.id/index.php/jurnaldms/article/view/6811/4197
Dilla, S. N., & Yuherman, Y. (2020). Analisis yuridis tentang hal yang memberatkan dalam menjatuhkan putusan pidana. SUPREMASI: Jurnal Hukum, 2(2), 235–251. https://doi.org/10.36441/supremasi.v3i1.127
Dimyati, K., Nashir, H., Elviandri, E., Absori, A., Wardiono, K., & Budiono, A. (2021). Indonesia as a legal welfare state: A prophetic-transcendental basis. Heliyon, 7(8), Article e07865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07865
Djatmiko, W. P. (2022). Budaya hukum dalam masyarakat pluralistik. Thafa Media. https://www.academia.edu/97160007/Budaya_Hukum_dalam_Masyarakat_Pluralistik_by_Dr_Wahju_Prijo_Djatmiko
Dworkin, R. (1986). Law’s empire. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
ELSAM. (2018, October 29). Ketidakhati-hatian hakim melihat unsur rekayasa kebencian mendiskriminasi kelompok minoritas di kasus Meiliana. https://elsam.or.id/ketidakhati-hatian-hakim-melihat-unsur-rekayasa-kebencian-mendiskriminasi-kelompok-minoritas-di-kasus-meiliana/
Faisal. (2009). Perilaku penegak hukum dalam peradilan Asrori (Telaah melalui pendekatan hukum progresif). (Tesis magister, Universitas Islam Indonesia). https://dspace.uii.ac.id/handle/123456789/8806
Fathorrahman, F., Rambe, M. J., & Fahmi, A. A. (2024). The ethical approach in assessing the legitimacy of constitutional court decisions: Urgency and orientation. Indonesian Journal of Administrative Law and Local Government, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.26740/ijalgov.v1i02.36462
Fatoni, S. (2015). Pembaruan hukum pidana melalui aktualisasi nilai-nilai Pancasila berorientasikan pendekatan religius. Ahkam: Jurnal Hukum Islam, 3(1), 41–64. https://doi.org/10.21274/ahkam.2015.3.1.41-64
Garcia, V., Disemadi, H. S., & Arief, B. N. (2020). The enforcement of restorative justice in Indonesia criminal law. Legality: Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum, 28(1), 22–35. https://ejournal.umm.ac.id/index.php/legality/article/view/10680
Habermas, J. (1996). Between facts and norms: Contributions to a discourse theory of law and democracy (W. Rehg, Trans.). MIT Press. https://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262082433/between-facts-and-norms/
Habi, N. F., Adawiyah, R., Harun, H., Kurniawan, A., & Roni, R. A. (2024). Prioritizing restorative justice in the settlement of the Sumbang Besak adultery case in Babeko Village, Jambi. El-Mashlahah, 14(2), 343–360. https://doi.org/10.23971/el-mashlahah.v14i2.8030
Hakim, L., & Ramadhan, R. (2021). Analisis yuridis kekuatan hukum yurisprudensi sebagai dasar pertimbangan hakim dalam memutus tindak pidana perzinahan (Studi di Pengadilan Negeri Kelas I A Tanjung Karang). Keadilan Progresif, 12(2). https://jurnal.ubl.ac.id/index.php/KP/article/view/2401
Harmono, & Rasji. (2024). Problematika pertimbangan hukum oleh hakim dalam mewujudkan keadilan di masyarakat. Jurnal Hukum Lex Generalis, 5(10). https://www.ojs.rewangrencang.com/index.php/JHLG/article/view/939
Harwanto, E. R. (2023). Pembaharuan sistem hukum pidana melalui rekodifikasi demokratis konsolidasi adaptasi di dalam KUHP Nasional. CV. Laduny Alifatama. https://laduny-alifatma.com/pembaharuan-sistem-hukum-pidana-melalui-rekodifikasi-demokratis-konsolidasi-adaptasi-didalam-kuhp-nasional-2/
Kai, M. I. P., Ismail, D. E., & Imran, S. Y. (2024). Asas pemaafan hakim dalam pembaharuan hukum pidana di Indonesia. Doktrin: Jurnal Dunia Ilmu Hukum dan Politik, 2(1), 162–174. https://doi.org/10.59581/doktrin.v2i1.1936
Kamalludin, I. (2022). Restoration of Pancasila values against criminal law reform strategy in Indonesia political perspective of Islamic law. Syariah: Jurnal Hukum dan Pemikiran, 22(1), 31–47. https://jurnal.uin-antasari.ac.id/index.php/syariah/article/view/4637
Komisi Yudisial Republik Indonesia. (2018). Meluruskan arah manajemen kekuasaan kehakiman. Sekretariat Jenderal Komisi Yudisial Republik Indonesia.
Łazarski, C. K. (2013). John Locke’s state of nature and the origins of rights of man. In C. B. Gray (Ed.), Human rights and politics (pp. 48–62). Erida. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329370669_John_Locke's_State_of_Nature_and_the_Origins_of_Rights_of_man
Legowo, P. S., & Taufiq, M. (2023). Analisa sistem peradilan Pancasila dengan sistem peradilan konvensional. Soedirman Law Review, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.20884/1.slr.2023.5.1.3481
Lembaga Bantuan Hukum Pengayoman UNPAR. (2022, January 29). Pertimbangan hakim dalam perkara pidana: Sopan jadi alasan yang meringankan? https://lbhpengayoman.unpar.ac.id/pertimbangan-hakim-dalam-perkara-pidana-sopan-jadi-alasan-yang-meringankan/
Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia. (2024). Peraturan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 1 Tahun 2024 tentang Pedoman Mengadili Perkara Pidana Berdasarkan Keadilan Restoratif (Berita Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2024 Nomor 241). https://jdih.mahkamahagung.go.id/index.php/legal-product/perma-nomor-1-tahun-2024/detail
Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia. (2017). Putusan Nomor 103/PUU-XIV/2016 tentang pengujian Pasal 197 ayat (1) KUHAP. https://www.mkri.id/public/content/persidangan/putusan/103_PUU-XIV_2016.pdf
Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia. (2018). Putusan Nomor 56/PUU-XV/2017 perihal pengujian Undang-Undang Nomor 1/PNPS/1965 tentang Pencegahan Penyalahgunaan dan/atau Penodaan Agama juncto Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1969 terhadap Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945. https://www.mkri.id/public/content/persidangan/putusan/56_PUU-XV_2017.pdf
Maroni, & Ariani, N. D. (2018). Humanistic criminal law enforcement to achieve spiritual justice. Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues, 21(2). https://www.abacademies.org/articles/humanistic-criminal-law-enforcement-to-achieve-spiritual-justice-7151.html
Masyarakat Pemantau Peradilan Indonesia. (2018). Tolak vonis kasus penistaan agama Meliana: Komentar tertulis sebagai amicus curiae (sahabat pengadilan) terhadap perkara Nomor 1612/Pid.B/2018/PN.Mdn di Pengadilan Negeri Medan. MaPPI-FHUI. https://mappifhui.org/tolak-vonis-kasus-penistaan-agama-meliana
Maulidah, K., & Jaya, N. S. P. (2019). Kebijakan formulasi asas permaafan hakim dalam upaya pembaharuan hukum pidana nasional. Jurnal Pembangunan Hukum Indonesia, 1(3), 281–293. https://doi.org/10.14710/jphi.v1i3.281-293
Najih, M. (2018). Indonesian penal policy: Toward Indonesian criminal law reform based on Pancasila. Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies, 3(2), 149–174. https://doi.org/10.15294/jils.v3i02.27510
Nurdin, & Nur, M. (2020). Implementing Islamic criminal law: Does it break the Indonesian legal system? International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 12(6), 135–150. https://repository.ar-raniry.ac.id/id/eprint/12398
Nurhafifah, N., & Rahmiati, R. (2015). Pertimbangan hakim dalam penjatuhan pidana terkait hal yang memberatkan dan meringankan putusan. Kanun Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, 17(2), 341–362. https://jurnal.usk.ac.id/kanun/article/view/6067/5000
Octafiana, B. K., & Simangunsong, F. (2024). Urgensi penambahan putusan permaafan hakim (rechterlijk pardon) dalam Pasal 191 KUHAP. IURIS STUDIA: Jurnal Kajian Hukum, 5(3), 655–666. https://jurnal.bundamediagrup.co.id/index.php/iuris/article/download/672/481
Pambudhi, H. D., & Chaerunnisaa, H. A. (2021). Meninjau ulang sanksi kebiri kimia dari perspektif pembaharuan hukum pidana berdasarkan Pancasila. Litigasi, 22(2), 177–204. https://doi.org/10.23969/litigasi.v22i2.3766
Perdana, M. A., Al Faruq, M. H., & Ruhpinesthi, G. E. (2024). A prophetic law perspective on judicial independence of the Indonesian Constitutional Court: Looking back on 20 years. Prophetic Law Review, 6(1), 71–97. https://doi.org/10.20885/PLR.vol6.iss1.art4
Piechowiak, M. (1999). Kaufmann, Arthur (1923–). In C. B. Gray (Ed.), The philosophy of law: An encyclopedia (Vol. 2, pp. 475–476). Garland Publishing. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248702329_Kaufmann_Arthur
Prabowo, T. A. (2020). Analisis unsur di muka umum dalam Pasal 156a KUHP tentang tindak pidana penodaan agama (Studi putusan nomor 1612/Pid.B/2018/PN.Mdn dan nomor 1537/Pid.B/2018/PN.Jkt.Utr). Kumpulan Jurnal Mahasiswa Fakultas Hukum. https://garuda.kemdiktisaintek.go.id/documents/detail/2197615
Rahmatyar, A., & Rosikhu, M. (2024). Implementasi nilai Pancasila dalam pelaksanaan sistem peradilan pidana Indonesia. Innovative: Journal of Social Science Research, 4(3), 18080–18089. https://doi.org/10.31004/innovative.v4i3.12695
Ridwan. (2012). Menciptakan keadilan dengan penerapan hukum progresif melalui pendekatan ilmu ketuhanan. Kanun Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, 14(2), 249–262. https://jurnal.usk.ac.id/kanun/article/download/6210/5106
Risdawati, I., Simarmata, M., Rambe, M. J., Zarzani, T. R., & Harahap, I. R. (2022). Legal analysis of criminal child with mental retardation (Study of Rantauprapat State Court Decision No. 18/PID. SUS/ANAK/2016/PN-RAP). Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal), 5(1), 5566–5577. https://www.bircu-journal.com/index.php/birci/article/view/4263/pdf
Rusdi Antara, G. E., Nyoman Budiana, I., & Sadnyini, I. A. (2021). Formulation of customary criminal law in future criminal code and legal enforcement in Indonesia. Substantive Justice International Journal of Law, 4(2), 164–181. https://doi.org/10.33096/substantivejustice.v4i2.149
Rustamaji, M. (2019). Biomijuridika: Pemikiran ilmu hukum pidana berketuhanan dari Barda Nawawi Arief. Undang: Jurnal Hukum, 2(1), 193–223. https://doi.org/10.22437/ujh.2.1.193-223
Saleha, F. (2020). Pertimbangan hakim dalam menjatuhkan pidana terhadap seseorang yang dituduh melakukan tindak pidana penistaan agama (Studi putusan atas perkara Meliana). (Skripsi sarjana, Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta). https://e-journal.uajy.ac.id/22421/1/1505121971.pdf
Sihotang, A. P., Yulistyowati, E., & Natalis, A. (2021). Fulfilment of the right to equitable education for members of believers of mystical groups in Indonesia. Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues, 24(5), 1–13. https://www.abacademies.org/articles/Fulfilment-of-the-right-to-equitable-education-1544-0044-24-5-728.pdf
Sinaga, L. V., Fernando, Z. J., & Sidauruk, J. (2024). Kirpan Sikh in Indonesian legal context: An analysis of religious freedom protection and the dynamics of criminal law reform. Journal of Southeast Asian Human Rights, 8(1), 57–88. https://jseahr.jurnal.unej.ac.id/index.php/JSEAHR/article/view/34051
Siswanto, H., Fathonah, R., Anam, H., Gunawan, A., & Gustiara, N. (2024). Humanistic approach in protecting victims of human trafficking crimes. Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development, 8(13), Article 9339. https://doi.org/10.24294/jipd9339
Subhan, S., Rahman, F., & Alfikri, A. (2024). Transintegration of customary law and sharia: Lesson from historical law and cultural law. Substantive Justice International Journal of Law, 7(1), 70–83. https://doi.org/10.56087/substantivejustice.v7i1.296
Sukardi, S., & Purnama, H. R. (2022). Restorative justice principles in law enforcement and democracy in Indonesia. Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies, 7(1), 155–190. https://doi.org/10.15294/jils.v7i1.53057
Sulaiman, E. (2013). Hukum dan kepentingan masyarakat (Memosisikan hukum sebagai penyeimbang kepentingan masyarakat). Diktum: Jurnal Syariah dan Hukum, 11(1), 100–110. https://ejurnal.iainpare.ac.id/index.php/diktum/article/view/98
Syah, B. E., & Purwoleksono, D. E. (2023). Ius constituendum restorative justice in Indonesia. Media Iuris, 6(3), 365–378. https://doi.org/10.20473/mi.v6i3.44405
Tanjung, I. (2022). Rekonstruksi konsep berfikir hakim dalam memutus perkara pidana demi mewujudkan keadilan religius (Disertasi doktor, Universitas Islam Sultan Agung Semarang). https://repository.unissula.ac.id/id/eprint/26789
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2020). Handbook on restorative justice programmes (2nd ed.). United Nations. https://www.unodc.org/documents/justice-and-prison-reform/20-01146_Handbook_on_Restorative_Justice_Programmes.pdf
Widyawati, A. (2020). Criminal policy of adultery in Indonesia. Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies, 5(1), 171–186. https://doi.org/10.15294/jils.v5i1.36786
Widyawati, A., Pujiyono, P., Rochaeti, N., Ompoy, G., & Zaki, N. N. B. M. (2022). Urgency of the legal structure reformation for law in execution of criminal sanctions. Lex Scientia Law Review, 6(2), 327–358. https://doi.org/10.15294/lesrev.v6i2.58131
Wikantoso, B. (2016). Konsep intersubjektivitas dalam Phenomenology of Spirit karya GWF Hegel. Dharmasmrti, 15(28), 67–90. https://doi.org/10.32795/ds.v15i28.61
Wulandari, C., Masyhar, A., & Sayuti Hassan, M. (2024). Legal reform for victims in criminal justice system of Indonesia and Russian juridical review. Journal of Law and Legal Reform, 5(2), 783–816. https://journal.unnes.ac.id/journals/jllr/article/view/7322/1611
Yulia, R., Prakarsa, A., & Ali, M. (2023). Restoring the conflicts among societies: How does Baduy society settle the criminal cases through restorative justice? Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 12(3), 193–203. https://doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2023-0071
Yuningsih, H., Nurjaya, I. N., Djatmika, P., & Ruba’I, M. (2020). Philosophical foundation of chemical castration for offenders of sexual violence against children. Sriwijaya Law Review, 4(1), 62–78. https://doi.org/10.28946/slrev.Vol4.Iss2.297.pp62-78
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Irwansyah, Muhammad Juang Rambe, Ervina Sari Sipahutar

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.



