THE LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE DISSYNCHRONIZATION IN THE REGULATION OF RESTORATIVE JUSTICE WITHIN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM IN INDONESIA FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF LEGAL CERTAINTY

Dhia Fadlia; Prija Djatmika; Yuliati

doi:10.54443/ijerlas.v4i6.2132

THE LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE DISSYNCHRONIZATION IN THE REGULATION OF RESTORATIVE JUSTICE WITHIN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM IN INDONESIA FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF LEGAL CERTAINTY

Dhia Fadlia

Prija Djatmika

Yuliati

The regulation of restorative justice within the criminal justice system in Indonesia is currently governed by the respective law enforcement agencies, but it has not been codified in the Indonesian Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP), which can lead to legal uncertainty. Consequently, there are legal implications arising from the lack of synchronization in the regulation of restorative justice within Indonesia’s criminal justice system, particularly from the perspective of legal certainty. Therefore, this study aims to reconstruct the regulation of restorative justice to ensure legal certainty in the future. This research is a normative-juridical study utilizing both statutory and synchronic approaches. There are fundamental differences concerning the conditions and limitations of criminal acts as regulated by Police Regulation No. 8 of 2021, Prosecutor's Regulation No. 15 of 2020, and Supreme Court Regulation No. 1 of 2024. The existing partial guidelines on restorative justice, particularly regarding the conditions set forth, are inconsistent and cause legal uncertainty in determining which cases may be eligible for restorative justice, especially those under the Police institution, where the criteria are considered overly broad. Thus, the differences in restorative justice regulations among the respective agencies lead to inconsistencies in the conditions and limitations of criminal acts, as well as confusion in the restorative justice process during the investigation and inquiry stages within the Police. There is a need for specific regulation on restorative justice to be incorporated into the Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP) to avoid inconsistencies and legal uncertainty.

Keywords: Restorative Justice, Dissynchronization, Legal Certainty, Criminal Law

Annie Cossins (2008), “Restorative Justice and Child Sex Offences (the Theory and the Practice) dalam British Journal of Criminology, Vol 48 edisi 1 Mei

Budiyono, B. (2024). Kompatibilitas restorative justice dengan nilai-nilai pancasila dalam sistem peradilan pidana anak. Pancasila Jurnal Keindonesiaan, 4(1), 38-47.

Maya, E. and Wadjo, H. (2021). Penerapan restorative justice dalam penanganan kasus kekerasan terhadap perempuan pada masa pandemi corona virus disease (covid-19). Jurnal Belo, 6(2), 256-275.

Hutauruk R.H. 2013, Penaggulangan Kejahatan Korporasi Melalui Pendekatan Restoratif Suatu Terobosan Hukum. Jakarta: Sinar Grafika

Sudarmin, A. (2023). Restorative justice in islamic law: solutions to improve social justice towards a golden indonesia 2045. El-Rusyd Jurnal Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Tarbiyah Stit Ahlussunnah Bukittinggi, 8(2), 97-104.

Syaid, A. (2022). Implementation of restorative justice with obligation of reversal burden of proof as an attempt to restitute state losses for justice in the crime of money laundering with predicate crime of corruption. International Journal of Arts and Humanities Studies, 2(1), 54-65.

Annie Cossins (2008), “Restorative Justice and Child Sex Offences (the Theory and the Practice) dalam British Journal of Criminology, Vol 48 edisi 1 Mei

M. Shabri Abd. Majid, Azhari, Faisal, Heru Fahlevi. (2020). Do Capital and Business Volume Matter for Productivity of the Cooperatives in Indonesia?. Jurnal Binus Business Review, 11(1), 1-8

M S A Majid, F Faisal, H Fahlevi, A Azhari. (2021). Measuring and Decomposing SMEs' Productivity in Creative Economic Sector in Indonesia. Jurnal IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 704 (1).

Azhari, Kamaruddin, Marzuki, Ratna Dewi. 2021. Do School Accreditation, Education Budget, and Teacher’s Competence Matter for Graduate’s Quality? Jurnal Pendidikan Ekonomi dan Bisnis, 9(1), 1-8

MSA Majid, F Faisal, H Fahlevi, Azhari, H Juliansyah. 2022. Decomposing total factor productivity of SMEs in agricultural sector in Aceh, Indonesia. Jurnal: IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 951 (1)

M Shabri Abd Majid, Azhari, Faisal Faisal, Heru Fahlevi. 2022. What Determines Cooperatives'productivity In Indonesia? A-Two Stage Analysis. Jurnal: Economics & Sociology, 15(1), 56-77

Azhari, Irvan Murizal, Kamaruddin, Mai Simahatie. 2022. Are Conventional Rural Banks More Efficient Than Sharia: Empirical Evidence From DEA. Jurnal: Jurnal Ilmu-ilmu Sosial dan Humaniora, 24(1), 107-113.

Majid, M.S.A., Azhari, A., Faisal. F., & Fahlevi, H. (2022). What determines the co-operatives‘ productivity in Indonesia? A-two stage analysis. Economics and Sociology, 15(1), 56-77

Endang Syahriani, Said Muhammad, Sirojuzilam, Sofyan Syahnur. 2015. Natural Gas Trading and Economic Growth Convergence in Asia Pasific Region. Jurnal: International Journal of Contemporary Applied Sciences, 12(2), 14-26

Marhamah, Fauzi. 2021. Pengaruh Literasi Digital Terhadap Pencegahan Informasi Hoaks pada Remaja di SMA Negeri 7 Kota Lhokseumawe . Jurnal: Jurnal Pekommas, 6(2), 77-84

M Yusuf A Samad, Fauzi Fauzi, Marhamah Marhamah, Shafira Ulfa Rahmani. 2023. Interpersonal Communication and Situational Leadership on Teacher Performance. Jurnal: Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, 21(1), 132-147

Muhammad Luthfi Hamzah, Astri Ayu Purwati, Sutoyo Sutoyo, Arif Marsal, Sarbani Sarbani, Nazaruddin Nazaruddin. 2022. Implementation of the internet of things on smart posters using near field communication technology in the tourism sector. Computer Science and Information Technologies, 3(3), 194-202

Zalikha, Ivvon Septina Bella, Noviyanti, Murni, Zulfahmi. 2022. Islamic Boarding School Accounting Practices in the Framework of Realizing the Quality of Islamic Boarding School Financial Reports. International Journal of Community Service, 1(2), 187-196

Koko Bustami , Muhammad Saifrizal , Lakharis Inuzula. FINANCIAL RESILIENCE: LEVEL OF SHARIA FINANCE LITERACY AND INCLUSION TOWARDS EXPANDING FINANCIAL ACCESS. Morfai Journal: Multidiciplinary Output Research For Actual and International Issue. Volume 3(4). 1025-1037

Khairul Aswadi, Abdul Jamal, Sofyan Syahnur, Muhammad Nasir. 2023. Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption in Indonesia : does it matter for economic growth? Jurnal: International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 13(2), 107-116

Murni, Lakharis Inuzula. 2022. Analysis of Riba-Free Village Fund Management with a Triangulation Approach in Jeumpa District, Bireuen Regency. Journal of Economics Management and Business, 23(1).

Khairul Aswadi, Sutoyo, Murni and Munawarah. 2024. Renewable energy consumption, CO2 emissions, and economic growth: Evidence from Indonesia. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF ECONOMICS AND FINANCIAL ISSUES, 1(1), 1-8

Ella Rahmayanti, Khairul Aswadi , Harley Agustian , Murni, Ivvon Septina Bella, Chairul Bariah, Mai Simahatie . 2024. Empowering viral microenterprises: Financial literacy and cost of goods sold strategies to enhance culinary business profitability and efficiency. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT, 1(1), 6-12

Absah, Y., Sadalia, I., Yuliaty, T., & Ilham, R. N. (2023). Msmes In Medan City During the New Normal. Quality - Access to Success, 24(193), 322–327. https://doi.org/10.47750/QAS/24.193.36

Cen, C. C., Cahyadi, W., Cahyadi, L., Candrasa, L., Sinurat, M., Ilham, R. N., & Saputra, J. (2021). Factors that affect competence and affective commitment and its implication on job performance: a case study of Stie Medan, Indonesia. Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, 12, 4863–4870. https://doi.org/10.46254/an11.20210842

Fuadi, Hasibuan, A. F. H., Ilham, R. N., Falahuddin, Wahyuddin, Khaddafi, M., Munandar, & Saputra, J. (2021). Investigating the effect of micro Waqf bank sector expansion on poverty alleviation: An evidence from Indonesia rural communities. Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, 4150–4158. https://doi.org/10.46254/an11.20210745

Heikal, M., Ilham, R. N., Khaddafi, M., & Fuadi. (2022). Accelerate Economic Growth of Lhokseumawe City with Application of Supply Chain and Main Strategic Commodity Model Based on Sharia During the Covid-19 Pandemic. Quality - Access to Success, 23(191), 137–142. https://doi.org/10.47750/QAS/23.191.16

Ilham, R. N., Erlina, Fachrudin, K. A., Silalahi, A. S., & Saputra, J. (2019). Comparative of the supply chain and block chains to increase the country revenues via virtual tax transactions and replacing future of money. International Journal of Supply Chain Management, 8(5), 1066–1069.

Ilham, R. N., Erlina, Fachrudin, K. A., Silalahi, A. S., Saputra, J., & Albra, W. (2019). Investigation of the bitcoin effects on the country revenues via virtual tax transactions for purchasing management. International Journal of Supply Chain Management, 8(6), 737–740.

Mahdawi, Ratnawati, N., Saputra, J., Ilham, R. N., Siahaan, R., Jayanti, S. E., Sinurat, M., & Nainggolan, P. (2021). The effect of population growth on economic growth: An evidence from Indonesia. Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, July, 141–148. https://doi.org/10.46254/an11.20210843

Mahdawi, Triyono, Sinaga, S., Collyn, D., Zalukhu, R. S., Saputra, J., Ilham, R. N., & Harianto, S. (2021). Analyzing the banks’ performance through financial statements: An application of the modified du pont method. Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, 5593–5600. https://doi.org/10.46254/an11.20210947

Sadalia, I., Fadli, Ilham, R. N., Sinurat, M., Saputra, J., & Putri, D. E. (2021). Does social media affect banking industry financial performance in Indonesia. Proceedings of the International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, 3454–3459. https://doi.org/10.46254/an11.20210620

Sadalia, I., Muharam, H., Mulyana, A., Saputra, J., & Ilham, R. N. (2020). A structural relationship of entrepreneurial orientation and innovation through supply chain management on competitive advantage of SMEs in North Sumatera, Indonesia: The mediating role of financing factor. International Journal of Supply Chain Management, 9(4), 237–243.

Nur Ilham, R. ., Arliansyah, A., Juanda, R., Multazam, M. ., & Saifanur, A. . (2021). RELATHIONSIP BETWEEN MONEY VELOCITY AND INFLATION TO INCREASING STOCK INVESTMENT RETURN: EFFECTIVE STRATEGIC BY JAKARTA AUTOMATED TRADING SYSTEM NEXT GENERATION (JATS-NG) PLATFORM. International Journal of Economic, Business, Accounting, Agriculture Management and Sharia Administration (IJEBAS), 1(1), 87–92. https://doi.org/10.54443/ijebas.v1i1.27

Yusuf Iis, E., Wahyuddin, W., Thoyib, A., Nur Ilham, R., & Sinta, I. (2022). THE EFFECT OF CAREER DEVELOPMENT AND WORK ENVIRONMENT ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE WITH WORK MOTIVATION AS INTERVENING VARIABLE AT THE OFFICE OF AGRICULTURE AND LIVESTOCK IN ACEH. International Journal of Economic, Business, Accounting, Agriculture Management and Sharia Administration (IJEBAS), 2(2), 227–236. https://doi.org/10.54443/ijebas.v2i2.191

Geovani, I. ., Nurkhotijah, S. ., Kurniawan, H. ., Milanie, F., & Nur Ilham, R. . (2021). JURIDICAL ANALYSIS OF VICTIMS OF THE ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION OF CHILDREN UNDER THE AGE TO REALIZE LEGAL PROTECTION FROM HUMAN RIGHTS ASPECTS: RESEARCH STUDY AT THE OFFICE OF SOCIAL AND COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT IN BATAM CITY. International Journal of Educational Review, Law And Social Sciences (IJERLAS), 1(1), 45–52. https://doi.org/10.54443/ijerlas.v1i1.10

Bustani, B., Khaddafi, M. ., & Nur Ilham, R. (2022). REGIONAL FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF REGENCY/CITY REGIONAL ORIGINAL INCOME IN ACEH PROVINCE PERIOD YEAR 2016-2020. International Journal of Educational Review, Law And Social Sciences (IJERLAS), 2(3), 459–468. https://doi.org/10.54443/ijerlas.v2i3.277

Nur Ilham, R., Heikal, M. ., Khaddafi, M. ., F, F., Ichsan, I., F, F., Abbas, D. ., Fauzul Hakim Hasibuan, A. ., Munandar, M., & Chalirafi, C. (2021). Survey of Leading Commodities Of Aceh Province As Academic Effort To Join And Build The Country. IRPITAGE JOURNAL, 1(1), 13–18. https://doi.org/10.54443/irpitage.v1i1.19

Nur ilham, R., Likdanawati, L., Hamdiah, H., Adnan, A., & Sinta, I. . (2022). COMMUNITY SERVICE ACTIVITIES “SOCIALIZATION AVOID STUDY INVESTMENT” TO THE STUDENT BOND OF SERDANG BEDAGAI. IRPITAGE JOURNAL, 2(2), 61–64. https://doi.org/10.54443/irpitage.v2i2.312

Falahuddin, F., Fuadi, . F., Munandar, M., Juanda, R. ., & Nur Ilham, R. . (2022). INCREASING BUSINESS SUPPORTING CAPACITY IN MSMES BUSINESS GROUP TEMPE BUNGONG NANGGROE KERUPUK IN SYAMTALIRA ARON DISTRICT, UTARA ACEH REGENCY. IRPITAGE JOURNAL, 2(2), 65–68. https://doi.org/10.54443/irpitage.v2i2.313

Majied Sumatrani Saragih, M. ., Hikmah Saragih, U. ., & Nur Ilham, R. . (2021). RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MOTIVATION AND EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION TO ICREASING ENTREPRENEURSHIP IMPLEMENTATION FROM SPP AL-FALAH GROUP AT BLOK 10 VILLAGE DOLOK MASIHUL. MORFAI JOURNAL, 1(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.54443/morfai.v1i1.11

Sandi, H. ., Afni Yunita, N. ., Heikal, M. ., Nur Ilham, R. ., & Sinta, I. . (2021). RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BUDGET PARTICIPATION, JOB CHARACTERISTICS, EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND WORK MOTIVATION AS MEDIATOR VARIABLES TO STRENGTHENING USER POWER PERFORMANCE: AN EMPERICAL EVIDENCE FROM INDONESIA GOVERNMENT. MORFAI JOURNAL, 1(1), 36–48. https://doi.org/10.54443/morfai.v1i1.14

Sinurat, M. ., Heikal, M. ., Simanjuntak, A. ., Siahaan, R. ., & Nur Ilham, R. . (2021). PRODUCT QUALITY ON CONSUMER PURCHASE INTEREST WITH CUSTOMER SATISFACTION AS A VARIABLE INTERVENING IN BLACK ONLINE STORE HIGH CLICK MARKET: Case Study on Customers of the Tebing Tinggi Black Market Online Store. MORFAI JOURNAL, 1(1), 13–21. https://doi.org/10.54443/morfai.v1i1.12

Ilham, Rico Nur. et all (2019). Investigation of the Bitcoin Effects on the Country Revenues via Virtual Tax Transactions for Purchasing Management. International Journal of Suplly Management.Volume 8 No.6 December 2019.

Ilham, Rico Nur. et all (2019).. Comparative of the Supply Chain and Block Chains to Increase the Country Revenues via Virtual Tax Transactions and Replacing Future of Money. International Journal of Suplly Management.Volume 8 No.5 August 2019.

Lasta Irawan, A. ., Briggs, D. ., Muhammad Azami, T. ., & Nurfaliza, N. (2021). THE EFFECT OF POSITION PROMOTION ON EMPLOYEE SATISFACTION WITH COMPENSATION AS INTERVENING VARIABLES: (Case Study on Harvesting Employees of PT. Karya Hevea Indonesia). International Journal of Social Science, Educational, Economics, Agriculture Research, and Technology (IJSET), 1(1), 11–20. https://doi.org/10.54443/ijset.v1i1.2

Rahmaniar, R., Subhan, S., Saharuddin, S., Nur Ilham, R. ., & Anwar, K. . (2022). THE INFLUENCE OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP ASPECTS ON THE SUCCESS OF THE CHIPS INDUSTRY IN MATANG GLUMPANG DUA AND PANTON PUMP. International Journal of Social Science, Educational, Economics, Agriculture Research, and Technology (IJSET), 1(7), 337–348. https://doi.org/10.54443/ijset.v1i7.36

likdanawati, likdanawati, Yanita, Y., Hamdiah, H., Nur Ilham, R., & Sinta, I. (2022). EFFECT OF ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT, WORK MOTIVATION AND LEADERSHIP STYLE ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE OF PT. ACEH DISTRIBUS INDO RAYA. International Journal of Social Science, Educational, Economics, Agriculture Research, and Technology (IJSET), 1(8), 377–382. https://doi.org/10.54443/ijset.v1i8.41

Nur Ilham, R., Arliansyah, A., Juanda, R. ., Sinta, I. ., Multazam, M. ., & Syahputri, L. . (2022). APPLICATION OF GOOD CORPORATE GOVERNANCE PRINCIPLES IN IMPROVING BENEFITS OF STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES (An Emperical Evidence from Indonesian Stock Exchange at Moment of Covid-19). International Journal of Economic, Business, Accounting, Agriculture Management and Sharia Administration (IJEBAS), 2(5), 761–772. https://doi.org/10.54443/ijebas.v2i5.410

Rico Nur Ilham, Irada Sinta, & Mangasi Sinurat. (2022). THE EFFECT OF TECHNICAL ANALYSIS ON CRYPTOCURRENCY INVESTMENT RETURNS WITH THE 5 (FIVE) HIGHEST MARKET CAPITALIZATIONS IN INDONESIA. Jurnal Ekonomi, 11(02), 1022–1035. Retrieved from http://ejournal.seaninstitute.or.id/index.php/Ekonomi/article/view/481

Nur ilham, R., Likdanawati, L., Hamdiah, H., Adnan, A., & Sinta, I. . (2022). COMMUNITY SERVICE ACTIVITIES “SOCIALIZATION AVOID STUDY INVESTMENT” TO THE STUDENT BOND OF SERDANG BEDAGAI. IRPITAGE JOURNAL, 2(2), 61–64. https://doi.org/10.54443/irpitage.v2i2.312

Wayan Mertha, I. ., & Mahfud, M. (2022). HISTORY LEARNING BASED ON WORDWALL APPLICATIONS TO IMPROVE STUDENT LEARNING RESULTS CLASS X IPS IN MA AS’ADIYAH KETAPANG. International Journal of Educational Review, Law And Social Sciences (IJERLAS), 2(5), 507–612. https://doi.org/10.54443/ijerlas.v2i5.369

Mahfud, M., Yudiana, I. K., & Sariyanto, S. (2022). HISTORY OF BANYUWANGI KALIKLATAK PLANTATION AND ITS IMPACT ON SURROUNDING COMMUNITIES. International Journal of Educational Review, Law And Social Sciences (IJERLAS), 3(1), 91–104. https://doi.org/10.54443/ijerlas.v3i1.492

Mahfud et all (2021). PEMANFAATAN TRADISI RESIK LAWON SUKU USING SEBAGAI SUMBER BELAJAR SEJARAH LOKAL PADA SMA DI BANYUWANGI. Media Bina Ilmiah Vol.16 No.3 Oktober 2021. http://ejurnal.binawakya.or.id/index.php/MBI/article/view/1294/pdf

Sinta, I., Nur Ilham, R. ., Authar ND, M. ., M. Subhan, & Amru Usman. (2022). UTILIZATION OF DIGITAL MEDIA IN MARKETING GAYO ARABICA COFFEE. IRPITAGE JOURNAL, 2(3), 103–108. https://doi.org/10.54443/irpitage.v2i3.467

Nur Ilham, R., Arliansyah, A., Juanda, R. ., Sinta, I. ., Multazam, M. ., & Syahputri, L. . (2022). APPLICATION OF GOOD CORPORATE GOVERNANCE PRINCIPLES IN IMPROVING BENEFITS OF STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES (An Emperical Evidence from Indonesian Stock Exchange at Moment of Covid-19). International Journal of Economic, Business, Accounting, Agriculture Management and Sharia Administration (IJEBAS), 2(5), 761–772. https://doi.org/10.54443/ijebas.v2i5.410

Mahfud et all (2020). Developing a Problem-Based Learning Model through E-Learning for Historical Subjects to Enhance Students Learning Outcomes at SMA Negeri 1 Rogojampi. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 485 (2020) 012014 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/485/1/012014

Bhat, R. M., & Rajeshwari, R. (2022). Social Status of Women in Early Kashmir. Journal homepage: www. ijrpr. com ISSN, 2582(7421), 26-31.

Bhat, R. M. (2022). An Analytical Study of the Kushan Rule in Kashmir. Journal of Psychology and Political Science (JPPS) ISSN 2799-1024, 2(04), 9-14.

Bhat, R. M. (2022). A Historical Study of Prostitution. Journal of Media, Culture and Communication (JMCC) ISSN: 2799-1245, 2(04), 1-6.

Bhat, R. M. (2022). Women Exploitation in the Contemporary India: Importance of Media to Impede it. Journal of Women Empowerment and Studies (JWES) ISSN: 2799-1253, 2(02), 27-30.

Bhat, R. M. (2022). Dr. BR Ambedkar’s Views on Religion and Conversion to Buddhism: An Analytical Study. Journal of Legal Subjects (JLS) ISSN, 25-31.

Bhat, R. M. (2022). Ghandian Phase: Mahila-Samitis and the Role of Women in the Indian National Movement. Journal of Women Empowerment and Studies (JWES) ISSN: 2799-1253, 2(01), 26-29.

Bhat, R. M. (2021). Reign of Utpala Dyansty with Special Reference to Avantiverman (855-883 AD): His Irrigation Works and Agricultural Development-A Historical Study. International Journal of Agriculture and Animal Production (IJAAP) ISSN 2799-0907, 1(02), 10-16.

Bhat, R. M. (2022). CULTURAL HERITAGE OF EARLY KASHMIR-A STUDY. International Journal of Educational Review, Law And Social Sciences (IJERLAS), 2(4), 571-576.

Bhat, R. M. (2019). Ghadar Movement: Har Dayal and His Ideological Formulations. Think India Journal, 22(14), 2353-2363.

Bhat, R. M. (2022). Legacy of Buddhism in Kashmir. Journal of Psychology and Political Science (JPPS) ISSN 2799-1024, 2(03), 23-30.

Bhat, R. M. (2018). Shawl Industry in Kashmir from 1846-1907 with Special Reference to the Dogra Rule. In Source: Proceedings of the South Indian History Congress (Vol. 38, pp. 554-557).

Bhat, R. M. (2023). DR. BHIM RAO AMBEDKAR’S ADVOCACY OF WOMEN RIGHTS. MORFAI JOURNAL, 2(4), 730-736.

Bhat, R. M. (2023). THE GHADAR MOVEMENT: IGNITING THE FLAME OF FREEDOM IN INDIA. International Journal of Educational Review, Law And Social Sciences (IJERLAS), 3(4), 1123-1131.

Bhat, R. M., Rajan, P., & Gamage, L. (2023). Redressing Historical Bias: Exploring the Path to an Accurate Representation of the Past. Journal of Social Science, 4(3), 698-705.

Bhat, R. M. (2022). Queen Yasovati: A Descriptive Study on her Leadership in the Kingdom of Kashmir. Journal of Psychology and Political Science (JPPS) ISSN 2799-1024, 2(05), 11-17.

Bhat, R. M., & Rajeshwari, R. (2022, December). DIASPORIC CULTURE AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS-A HISTORICAL STUDY. In International Conference on Health Science, Green Economics, Educational Review and Technology (Vol. 4, pp. 41-46).

Bhat, R. M. (2022). Historical Review of Indian Constitution. TRADITIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND SOCIAL SCIENCES, 1(02), 100-110.

Bhat, R. M., Silllalee, A., & Kandasamy, L. S. (2023). Concepts and Contexts: The Interplay of Philosophy and History in Understanding Human Society. East Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 2(6), 2581-2590.