Press Non-Compliance in Presenting Digital Literacy Information in the Era of Civil Society: A Normative Juridical Study in Indonesia (2023–2025)
DOI:
10.5281/zenodo.20556240Published:
2026-03-31Downloads
Abstract
The rapid expansion of digital journalism in Indonesia has generated significant challenges regarding legal compliance, journalistic ethics, and the quality of information disseminated to the public. Despite the growing importance of digital literacy in strengthening democratic participation and civil society, studies examining press non-compliance from an integrated legal and socio-legal perspective remain limited. This study aims to analyze the forms of press non-compliance in presenting digital literacy-related information and to examine the effectiveness of legal enforcement mechanisms governing digital journalism in Indonesia during the period 2023–2025. Employing a qualitative normative-juridical approach with a socio-legal perspective, the research utilizes document analysis of statutory regulations, the Journalistic Code of Ethics, Press Council decisions, legal documents, and selected cases of digital news reporting. The findings reveal four dominant forms of non-compliance: inadequate verification of information, sensationalist and clickbait-oriented reporting, violations of privacy and personal dignity, and politically biased news framing. The study further demonstrates that existing enforcement mechanisms remain fragmented due to overlapping institutional authorities, limited monitoring capacity, and the predominantly administrative nature of sanctions imposed by regulatory bodies. These conditions contribute to weak accountability and reduce the deterrent effect of legal regulation in the digital media environment. The research also shows that persistent press non-compliance negatively affects public digital literacy by increasing vulnerability to misinformation, weakening public trust in media institutions, and undermining the deliberative function of civil society. This study contributes to socio-legal scholarship by integrating press law, media ethics, and digital literacy within a civil society framework and argues that press freedom in the digital era must be understood as freedom accompanied by legal responsibility and ethical accountability. Strengthening institutional oversight, professional ethics, and public digital literacy is therefore essential for sustaining democratic communication in Indonesia.
Keywords:
Press Law Digital Literacy; Journalistic Ethics Civil Society Legal Compliance Digital Journalism IndonesiaReferences
Abdurazakov, M. (2019). Conceptual foundations of e-learning in higher education. European Journal of Education Studies, 6(3), 112–121. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3382019
Adjei, R. (2019). Mobile learning and digital literacy in higher education. International Journal of Education and Development using ICT, 15(2), 234–247.
Aggeliki, T. (2017). Teacher–student interaction and motivation in online learning. Journal of Distance Education, 38(4), 55–68.
Al-Rahmi, W. M., Othman, M. S., & Yusuf, L. M. (2019). Exploring the factors that affect student satisfaction through using e-learning in Malaysian higher education. Education and Information Technologies, 24(3), 1983–2004. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-019-09895-2
Alwendi, A., Sari, R., & Hadi, S. (2023). Digital transformation of education in Indonesia: The role of e-learning platforms. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 52(1), 45–63. https://doi.org/10.1177/00472395221123456
Andriani, D., & Hermantoro, B. (2023). Digital literacy and cyber law awareness in Indonesia. Jurnal Hukum Ius Quia Iustum, 30(2), 301–320.
Aulia, F., & Tasrif, E. (2025). Digital literacy research in Indonesia: A bibliometric analysis. Jurnal Komunikasi, 19(1), 1–18.
Basak, S. K., Wotto, M., & Bélanger, P. (2018). E-learning, M-learning and D-learning: Conceptual definition and comparative analysis. E-Learning and Digital Media, 15(4), 191–216. https://doi.org/10.1177/2042753018785180
Che Noh, M. A., Zainuddin, N., & Idris, N. (2022). Digital communication skills in e-learning environments. International Journal of Instruction, 15(2), 45–62.
Christians, C. G., Glasser, T., McQuail, D., Nordenstreng, K., & White, R. A. (2016). Normative theories of the media: Journalism in democratic societies (3rd ed.). University of Illinois Press.
Dicey, A. V. (1982). Introduction to the study of the law of the constitution (10th ed.). Macmillan.
Elyas, T. (2018). The rise of e-learning and challenges in education. Journal of Education and Learning, 7(3), 20–27. https://doi.org/10.5539/jel.v7n3p20
Emerson, T. I. (1970). The system of freedom of expression. Random House.
Fuller, L. L. (1969). The morality of law (Rev. ed.). Yale University Press.
Habermas, J. (1989). The structural transformation of the public sphere. MIT Press.
Hammer, R., Reiss, D., & Neely, M. (2021). Parental influence on children’s digital media attitudes. Journal of Family Communication, 21(1), 35–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2020.1856823
Harahap, M. A., & Adeni, S. (2025). Legal accountability of online media in Indonesia. Jurnal Hukum Media, 4(1), 15–33.
Hornbæk, K. (2017). What is interaction? ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, 24(1), 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1145/2997236
Kominfo RI. (2024). Undang-Undang No. 1 Tahun 2024 tentang Perubahan Kedua UU ITE.
Maharani, E. (2024). Disorientasi hukum dalam jurnalisme digital Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, 21(2), 145–160.
Malik, S. (2015). E-learning: Role in modern education. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 6(2), 125–131.
Moore, M. G. (2015). Three types of interaction. American Journal of Distance Education, 3(2), 1–7.
Nguyen, T., Yu, X., Japutra, A., & Chen, C. (2022). Reverse logistics and digital learning platforms. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 60(3), 587–612.
Paulina, P. (2016). Blended learning in Indonesian higher education. Journal of Learning Design, 9(3), 67–80.
Press Council of Indonesia. (2019). Kode Etik Jurnalistik.
Press Council of Indonesia. (2023). Decision No. 02/P-DP/V/2023 on digital news violations.
Syafruddin, S., Syahriah, R., & Andre, A. (2023). Media independence and digital platforms in Indonesia. Jurnal Demokrasi dan HAM, 11(2), 211–229.
UNESCO. (2021). Digital literacy in education: Policy guidelines. UNESCO Publishing.
Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 40 Tahun 1999 tentang Pers.
Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 27 Tahun 2022 tentang Perlindungan Data Pribadi.
Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik.
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Donny Irawan, Ahmad Heru Romadhon, Dhofirul Yahya, Rahayu Sri Utami
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Downloads
How to Cite
